Grill case Essay Example for Free

Barbecue case Essay For this situation, we can value the Sunset Grill at Blue has operational disappointments on the executives of limit and request which ought to be considered to settle to get achievement. Likewise it clarifies how the Sunset Grill at Blue was an eatery which his pointed was to give moderate dinners that spoke to the whole family during their get-aways. This eatery offered breakfast things and lunch menu as the day progressed. The franchisor of this eatery consistently was centered around how he could spare holding up an ideal opportunity to the customer when they come to eat in the café rather than customer’s fulfillment. For this reasons, the proprietor assessed significant focuses about the administration he has on the eatery. To begin with, he had a severe police of no-replacements plates in any event, when they brought an inappropriate plate and he realizes that was bringing gripes from the clients. What's more, the franchisor felt that perhaps he could decrease things from the menu. Likewise, he understood they have more customers during the end of the week and hence he chose to employ one sprinter staff who just conveys the food from the kitchen to the tables, permitting serves to serve clients all the more productively. No worry for the customer No holding up zone The Sunset Grill couldn't making an extraordinary region for the customers give them a spot increasingly agreeable at the café in the event that they have to pause. As the case referenced, the customer needed to stick around 40 to 50 minutes to get the table and request their food. The absence of this holding up territory, was influencing straightforwardly to the customers. They could be losing some of them since they can discover somewhere else without holding up that time. Likewise, no one needs to sit tight 50 minutes for a table on an awkward spot. No client criticism â€Å"The relationship with the clients is of central significance since it is a wellspring of development and differentiation† (administration the executives, activities methodology, Information Technology, Fitzsimmons. J, seventh release ). The franchisor of Sunset Grill shows he didn’t have any relationship with the customers so as to get criticism to improve the eatery. He concentrated his business on lessen the chance to their customers, rather than stress over client’s fulfillment. The principal point the proprietor of an organization or business ought to do, is make a cozy relationship with the client so as to give them what they need or what they need.

Decrease childhood obesity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Diminishing youth corpulence - Research Paper Example Shockingly, the examination has it that youngster weight can prompt misery and poor confidence. Factually, as per US’s branch of wellbeing, there is a sensational increment in number of kids experiencing stoutness. Impressively, it is noticed that just about 10% of kids matured four and five are overweight, and the above number is twofold to that of twenty years prior. The examination contends that weight is a sex related turmoil where, young ladies are the ones who endure corpulence more contrasted with young men. It is concurred that youth heftiness is a disturbing issue that needs quick activity. Consequently, to diminish youth corpulence, it is relevant for all schools in the US to consolidate serving of mixed greens bars into the children’s lunch program. In this manner, those youngsters will have the option to get to new vegetables and natural products, which thusly will create more beneficial life from long dietary patterns (Linsley, Kane, and Owen, 2011.p.81). This exposition strategically delineates the strategy suggestions for stoutness in youngsters, heftiness guidelines program and the US government laws, suspicions and appropriate optional proposals to make reference to however a couple, all uniting to the youth weight issue. ... Despite the fact that the move may appear to be little, the size of the example gathered for the examination makes it huge. Prominently it is fantastic to understand that every percent expressed above focuses for very nearly 26,700 in the populace study, which are either amazingly corpulent or not, at this point hefty. Persuasively, the Obama’s organization including in the battle for heftiness in kids shows the seriousness of the illness among the US kids who live in destitution. First woman Obama Michele has eagerly battled the destruction of neediness through her message including more advantageous eating routine as well as physical exercises. As per ongoing exploration, it is relevant to take note of that the new patterns in weight levels show an unassuming advancement of avoidance of stoutness in small kids. The above examination is appropriate for the ramifications of wellbeing dangers for extraordinary weight and stoutness in little youngsters. Consequently, the above s ection plots the significance of handling weight in kids by the US government. It is apparent that stoutness can somewhat influence the youthful US age undesired illnesses that were as far as anyone knows to be for grown-ups. Approach Recommendations for youth stoutness Controlling and forestalling youth weight requires a multifaceted and wide projects organized by the networks just as plan of strategies where parent will play a fundamental or basic jobs. Relevantly one of the significant components that can manage weight includes the guardians. Here, the children’s practices are influenced by the dietary patterns of the guardians, level of training just as physical instruction. As indicated by the examination, it is noticed that guardians are good examples and they impact to some broaden the physical

Kenya :: essays research papers

Kenya      Kenya is a republic of East Africa. It is circumscribed by the Indian Ocean on the southeast. The capital of Kenya is Nairobi. It is situated in the south focal piece of the nation. It has a populace of 1.5 million. The National Musum of Kenya, the National Theater and the University of Nairobi are in the city. Kenya has a muggy kind of atmosphere with little temperature variety from month to month. The normal yearly temperature along the coast is 27 degrees celcius, yet in Kenya Highlands it is just 14 degrees celcius. Around three-fourths of Kenya recieves under 500ml of downpour a year. Most downpour fall happens during the â€Å"long rains† from March to May.      Kenya’s populace is partitioned by language and culture into in excess of 40 diverse ethnic gatherings. The biggest gathering is the Kikuyu which makes up 12 percent of the populace and is Bantu talking. Swahili turned into the offical language of Kenya in 1974. It is syntactically a Bantu language despite the fact that it is vigorously affected of the populace and is Bantu talking. Swahili turned into the offical language of Kenya in 1974. It is linguistically a Bantu language despite the fact that it is intensely affected by Arabic and is composed with the Roman letters in order. English is additionally an official language is still broadly utilized.      Kenya has no official religion. More than 50 percent of the populace is Christian. Likewise, a large number of the individuals follow customary strict practices. The number of inhabitants in Kenya was evaluated to be around 27,000,000 of every 1994. 85 percent of the absolute populace live in urban areas of Nairobi and Mombassa. Kenya has perhaps the most elevated pace of populace development on the planet. It is anticipated that the populace may arrive at 120 million continuously 2050. This quick pace of increment is because of the high birth rate and the low passing rate. The greater part of the populace is younger than fifteen. The fast populace development has set incredible strains on wellbeing offices and other social administrations, particularly in rustic regions.      The principle wellspring of pay for Kenya originates from farming. Espresso and tea are the most important harvests. Together they represent around 50 percent of all forigien trade profit. In light of the quickly developing populace, Kenya presently imports huge amounts of food, praticularly wheat. Joblessness is high. Expecally in the urban territories.

Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride -- Wedding Toasts Roasts S

Wedding Speech from the Father of the Bride Much obliged to you for that welcome, I haven’t had adulation like that since Frank’s single guy party in Angels lap moving club! Women and Gentlemen, for those of you who don’t know me I’m Mike, Claire’s Dad and for the benefit of my better half Angela and I, I might want to invite all of you here today to praise the marriage of our little girl Claire to Frank I might want to welcome Frank’s Mum, Margaret, accomplice Don, sister Helen and spouse Simon just as the entirety of our family members and companions. I realize a couple of have made a trip impressive separations to be here. Much thanks to you, its especially valued. Now I might want to make reference to three notable individuals who are not here today. Right off the bat Frank’s Dad who passed on a couple of years back when Frank was a kid. Obviously I never knew Dave yet I have as of late observed a photo and could scarcely trust it wasn’t a photograph of Frank, they were so indistinguishable. I accept that’s where Frank gets his enthusiasm for quick vehicles and engine bicycles from. I might likewise want to make reference to Claire’s Grandfather Les, who additionally died around ten years back. Claire and Les had a similar birthday He adored Claire and the other way around. What's more, I might want to specify Doris, Claire’s grandma, who passed on only a month prior, she was so anticipating seeing Claire strolling down the passageway today yet shockingly she surrendered to her disease. They are on the whole here in soul and I’m sure they are ... ... morning. At our silver wedding festivities, we brought the crate down from the space, you know the one with the wedding collection , request of administration sheets and so forth. I likewise went over these (produce two L Plates) As I said I’m completely qualified now and I was going to discard them, yet then I thought I realize who could do with these (give one each to the lady of the hour and man of the hour.) Not long before I close, women and men of their word, some of you will realize my own folks will praise their own Golden Wedding in February. My Mother was conceived Molly Robson and turned into a Bartle , now fifty years after the fact it’s commonplace of Claire to address the inbalance. So women and Gentlemen would you please make a special effort to be upstanding†¦ the toast is Mr and Mrs Robson.

How to Handle Unresolved Conflict at Family Gatherings

How to Handle Unresolved Conflict at Family Gatherings Stress Management Relationship Stress Print How to Handle Unresolved Conflict at Family Gatherings By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on October 15, 2019 Rob Lewine/Creative RF/Getty Images More in Stress Management Relationship Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress While family relationships can bring support, joy, and other wonderful benefits into our lives, these relationships can also bring stress, particularly when theres unresolved conflict. Because its more difficult to let go of conflicted relationships with family than it would be if these relationships were mere friendships, unresolved conflicts with family members can be particularly painful. We have certain expectations of trust and closeness toward family members, and it can be more than merely disappointing to realize that this may not be possible with all family members. The Stress of Unresolved Family Disputes Unresolved family conflicts bring additional stress at family gatherings in particular. Past unresolved conflicts can become the elephant in the room, felt by everyone, but not directly addressed in the situation.  This can be stressful for everyone before and during the family gatherings, sometimes leaving a lasting sense of stress afterward as well.   Without a heartfelt discussion, an apology or another form of resolution, the trust on both sides is compromised, and may not know what to expect from this person in the future. (For example, that one time your mother-in-law criticized your cooking may come up in your mind every time she comes for a visit, and others may sense your tension.) This leads many people to assume the worst when they interpret each others behavior in the present and future interactions rather than giving the benefit of the doubt like most of us do with people we trust. Also, references or reminders of past conflicts can sting and create new pain. Once a conflict has gone on a while, even if both parties move on and remain polite, the feelings of pain and mistrust are usually lingering under the surface, and are difficult to resolve: bringing up old hurts in an effort to resolve them can often backfire, as the other party may feel attacked; avoiding the issue altogether but holding onto resentment can poison feelings in the present. What You Can Do to Ease Conflict So what do you do at a family gathering when theres someone there with whom youve had an unresolved conflict? Just be polite. Contrary to how many people feel, a family gathering is not the time to rehash old conflicts, as such conversations often get messy before they get resolved â€" if they get resolved. Again, be polite, redirect conversations that get into areas that may cause conflict, and try to avoid the person as much as you politely can. Even if everyone else fails to follow this advice, if you are able to focus on handling your end of the conflict in a peaceful way, you can go a long way in minimizing battles at family gatherings and promoting peace. You may be surprised by how much of a difference this can make in the overall feel of your family get-togethers, and in your personal feelings and stress level leading up to them.   In future dealings with this person, you can take one of three paths: Try to resolve the conflict. At a time when all the family isnt gathered, ask the person if theyd like to discuss and resolve what happened in the past. If (and only if) you and the other person seem to want to resolve things and are open to seeing one anothers point of view, this could be a constructive idea. Seeing where each of you may have misunderstood the other or behaved in a way you would change if you could, offering sincere apologies, and in other ways resolving the conflict can heal the relationship for the future.Forgive and forget. If it looks like such a civil meeting of the minds is unlikely, dont push it. Its probably a good idea to try to forgive the other person and let it go. Forgiving doesnt mean opening yourself up to feel wronged again; it only means that you let go of your feelings of resentment and anger. You can be careful in what you expect from this person in the future without actively harboring resentment, and youll be the one to benefit the most.  Minimi ze contact or cut the person out of your life. If what the other person did was abusive and theres absolutely no remorse or reason to expect things to be different in the future, you can severely limit your dealings with this person, or cut off contact altogether. This is normally a last-resort choice, but in cases of abuse, its sometimes a necessary one to make for your own emotional health.

Complex Numbers on the ACT Addition and Subtraction

Complex Numbers Complex numbers are kind of like binomials. They have two parts: a real number and an imaginary number. Some examples of complex numbers would be (3 + 4i) , (-2, -i), or (7 3i).  Make sense? We’ve got the real and the imaginary working together in peace and harmony. Let’s talk about what you can do with them. Addition and Subtraction There are two ways to think about adding and subtracting complex numbers: the simple way and the smarty-pants-math way. We’ll take a quick look at both. The Simple Way Combine like terms. Seriously, that’s it. Okay, fine, we can do an example. We’ll add our real numbers first, then the imaginary ones. So our answer is 1 + 3i. Simple, yeah? Let’s try subtraction. Watch out for the negative signs! So our answer is -3 2i. The Smarty-Pants-Math Way Who likes to memorize formulas? I hear lots of crickets chirping out there, but let’s look at it anyway. You can think of a complex number as a + bi. In this case, the a and b can be substituted by any real number. So, if you want to add two of them together, you get this: Make sense? Combine a and c like we did in The Simple Way, then combine b and d, tacking the i on at the end. Let’s look at subtraction. Easy enough, right? These are all operations you should be really familiar with, so hopefully this was a piece of cake!

Citizenship For The 12 Million Illegal Immigrants - 920 Words

The statement that, â€Å"our nation interests require a path to citizenship for the 12 million illegal immigrants presently here,† is highly controversial. Immigration was the foundation of the United States and the U.S. still welcomes 1 million new citizen every year. However, the issue is not the amount of immigrants coming into the U.S., but the half a million that are entering illegally. In the Miller Center of Public Affairs Debate discussing this topic, two parties participate in discussing the advantages of citizenship versus enforcement. One of the speakers arguing in favor of a pathway to citizenship, Eliseo Medina sees this debate as an opportunity. In his opinion, it would be impractical and costly to move 12 million illegal immigrants out of the country. Not only would it be a difficult process but it would result in some unintended consequences. While living in the U.S. Illegally, many families had children or family members born here and who are legal citizens. In addition, Medina declares that the illegal immigrants contribute to our unskilled labor force and to social security. Essentially, Medina argues that the U.S. must create a way for existing illegal immigrants to be legalized and make a way for more to come legally. Partnering with Medina, Tamar Jacoby argues in favor of a pathway to citizenship. In his address, Jacoby stated that illegal immigrants should be legalized for the benefit of the country. He discerns this issue as one of safety, becauseShow MoreRelatedMass Legalization For Unauthorized Immigrants1619 Words   |  7 PagesA recent push to provide amnesty for millions of illegal immigrants in today’s society has become a very contentious issue for Americans. While most United States citizens agree that illegal immigrants violate the basic core of fundamental immigration laws, there remains an unprecedented controversy regarding the possibility of granting amnesty to this growing sector of the population. While s ome citizens may argue that a mass legalization of immigrants could spark growth in the United States, othersRead MoreIllegal Immigration Is The United States1548 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal immigration has almost always been a part of the United States. There seems to be a neverending amount of people who believe in the â€Å"land of opportunity†, the home of the free and the brave. However, it seems that some may be more opportune than others. Illegal immigrants come to America with hopes and dreams of living a better lifestyle than the one that they currently possess. Currently, the American citizenship process is antiquated and not suited to fit a modern United States of AmericaRead MoreAre Babies Born on the United States Soil Be Considered Full-fledged Citizens or Not?1360 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States to illegal alien mothers are often referred to as anchor babies†. Under current practice, these children are United States citizens at birth, simply because they were born on United States soil. They are called anchor babies because, as United States citizens, they become eligible to sponsor their relatives when they turn 21 years of age, thus becoming the legal United States anchor for an extended immigrant family (Shopper). Thus, the United States born children of illegal aliens notRead MoreAmericans : Just Without The Right Papers893 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans: Just Without The Right Papers â€Å"The contribution of immigrants can be seen in every aspect of our national life. We see it in religion, in business, in the arts, in education, even in athletics and in entertainment, there is no part of our nation that has not been touched by our immigrant background† (President John F. Kennedy 1959). Like President John F. Kennedy many other Presidents, before and after him Republican and Democrat, have shared these ideals of freedom and opportunity forRead MoreThe Devastating Impacts Of Illegal Immigration1368 Words   |  6 PagesEssay â€Å"The Devastating Impacts of Illegal Immigration† If ever there was a polarizing problem growing in the U.S., illegal immigration is definitely exploding to the top. This issue is at the center of the political arena and debate. It has the heart and minds of the nation stirring. President Obama wrote, We have to deal with the 11 million individuals who are here illegally. We all agree that these men and women should have to earn their way to citizenship. But for comprehensive immigrationRead MoreThe Legalization Of Legalizing Immigration Reform1488 Words   |  6 Pagesask, however. why the presence of illegal immigrants is still apparent within the country s boundaries if everyone on this territory is equal to one another. According to the Pew Hispanic Center, the number of illegal immigrants in the United States was estimated at 11.5 million in 2011. The population of these illegal immigrants flourished by 27% between 2000 and 2009, as stated by the Department of Homeland Security. With the growing rate of undocumented immig rants, is the government taking actionRead MoreAmerica Has Always Been Labelled As A Melting Pot Due To1264 Words   |  6 Pagesthey have such awful living conditions. In recent years, it has become an impossible feat to obtain full citizenship in our nation, which can be good and very discouraging to immigrants trying to better their lives. There are roughly forty-three million immigrants, legal or illegal, in our nation and that makes up almost 13.5% of our total population. About eleven million of those immigrants are undocumented. Citizens of this country have very different opinions on this topic. Should they be deportedRead MoreThe Language of the Land: Learn It or Leave Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesThe Language of the Land: Learn It or Leave Claim: Because it indicates seriousness about becoming a United States citizen, immigrants should learn to speak English. Waking up early on a Monday morning is not easy for me -- another long week ahead. As I slowly roll out of bed, hop in the shower, brush my teeth and put on my clothes I have one thing in mind: my McDonalds breakfast. Although McDonalds is a bit out of the way and the traffic is always horrible, I simply have to have my sausageRead MoreU.s. Immigration Policy Policies Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pagespolicy has always been an important topic debated by Presidential candidates for decades. Immigration reform has been ignored by Congress, leaving decisions up to the President and Supreme Court. In the meantime, the hopes of about eleven million illegal immigrants in the U.S., as well as future rules for legal immigration, rest on the shoulders of those decision makers. Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump both agree that changes to U.S. immigration policy are needed; however, Donald Trump is taking aRead MoreImmigration Is Not A Bad Thing Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagessupport of illegal immigrants entering the states and taking advantage of funds not allotted for them. To address this economic decline due to illegal immigration, this country needs to enforce the immigration laws and finish the closure of the border between Mexico and the United States. The increasing number of illegal immigrants entering into the United States has multiplied tremendously and this caused a negative impact on the economy of this country. The main reason the immigrants leave their

Global Warming Is Caused By Human Beings - 1174 Words

Global Warming Global warming appears to be caused by human beings. There is too much CO2 in the atmosphere for plants and trees to take in all of it. There is strong evidence that humans are to blame, not just due to cars and factories but also from agriculture. A majority of scientists and scientific organizations believe humans are causing global warming. Global Warming is controversial. It is a perplexing phenomenon. Some people think it is a normal occurrence, others are afraid of the consequences and some say it is a myth1. However, sudden climate change start to be adversity. When we look at natural disasters that are not expected to occur, we have to ask what s happen to this world. When we see differing opinions of scientists and governments about it, it s can be confusing. â€Å"The potential threats are serious and actions are required to mitigate climate change risks and to adapt to deleterious climate change impacts that probably cannot be avoided.† (AC S, 2010). Also there are many organizations which support this phenomenon and have evidence for that like IPCC, NASA, etc. But the real argument is who caused global warming? There are two possibilities: either humans or it occurs naturally. There is evidence suggesting that the Earth s natural cycles include periods of global warming, but there is also evidence to suggesting that humans have contributed enough CO2 to the environment to cause global warming. Global warming is the warming made byShow MoreRelatedGlobal warming is being caused by humans, not the sun. What is global warming? Carbon dioxide and600 Words   |  3 Pages Global warming is being caused by humans, not the sun. What is global warming? Carbon dioxide and other air pollution that is collecting in the atmosphere like a thickening blanket, trapping the suns heat and causing the planet to warm up. Coal-burning power plants are the largest U.S. source of carbon dioxide pollution -- they produce 2.5 billion t ons every year. Automobiles, the second largest source, create nearly 1.5 billion tons of CO2 annually. The planet is changing faster than expectedRead MoreIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change1404 Words   |  6 Pagesabout 90% of the use of fossil fuels worldwide to have a slim chance of stopping Global Warming. If the people have anything less than the percentage given, Global Warming will not stop. As of now Global Warming is a big issue throughout the world. Some say Global Warming is just a myth to scare people and it’s just a natural cause, but there is proof that Global Warming is a fact and that the main cause of Global Warming is anthropogenic causes or man-made. Man has overused the burning of fossilRead MoreSave the Earth and Save Life Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pages Gabrielle and Sir David King). Global warming is affecting not only polar bears but also many other species that are going extinct. Habitats are destroyed and islands are invaded by the sea water, slowly sinking. Every living thing and environment on this earth is affected by global warming. However, many decide to ignore such facts and choose to believe that global warming will positively effects the earth, rather than destroying the it. Although global warming has been ignored by many people,Read MoreGlobal Warming Is An Issue That Scientists And All People Should Be Concerned With The Environment1548 Words   |  7 PagesMany folks have heard of global warming which is also known as the Greenhouse effect, but don’t know if it’s real or not, well the answer is that it is real and hopefully by the end of reading this people will understand why. There are numerous thoughts about whether global warming is truly an issue that scientists and all people should be concerned with. Some people feel that climate change is not a threat at all, but at the same time others feel that global warming is a huge threat to people andRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect s On The Environment Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesSome people say global warming is caused by human activity, others say global warming doesn’t even exist. Some people claim that the climate is changing for the worse. They believe that humans are the primary cause of these changes, especially the increase in temperature, caused by the burning of fossil fuels. They believe that the temperature changes are causing glaciers to melt. They claim that the melting of ice masses leads to a higher sea level and worsening conditions for Arctic animals, asRead MoreGlobal Climate Change and Human Activity Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagescauses, and human activities being the main cause to the negative changes in the global climate. Natural causes like volcanic eruptions, the changes in the sun’s radiation, and the ocean current shifts noticed are contributing to the global climate change. In addition, the human activities such as the burning fossil fuels, and the cutting down of trees [forests] so as to create land to cultivate and rare cattle affect the climate change. The human activities that are done affect the global climate thatRead M oreTaking a Look at Global Warming1562 Words   |  6 PagesIs global warming being accelerated as a result of human interaction? This question has been asked over and over again since global warming was first noticed and brought to our attention. Multiple claims have been made that this anomaly is caused by human interference with the planet. There are also those that strongly deny these accusations. To detect the truth, one must explore both sides of the story. Studies have been done by countless experts to support their side of the story; thereforeRead MoreGlobal Warming Position Paper985 Words   |  4 Pages Although some believe that Global Warming has been created due to manmade pollutants, I believe that Global Warming is a natural process that has been accelerated due to the excess emissions of pollutants from nature and manmade devices into the atmosphere. The world has been said to be on a cycle of global warming and cooling, this process can neither be stop ped nor prevented, but it can be accelerated with the addition of non-natural emissions from automobiles and factories; because thisRead MoreThe Debate Over Global Warming1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe global warming debate has been at the top of the list for environmentalists increasingly over the last twenty years. The controversy of global warming is either considered due to human activity or natural causes. Although the earth’s climate and temperatures have changed, that does not mean it is humanly caused. Despite the pretense linking the association between man and global warming, which is heavily supported by consensus of scientists, eco-sensitive politicians, and the effort to restrictRead MoreCauses Of Environmental Issues1467 Words   |  6 Pagescare. However, the global issues around the world are the most serious and concerning problems. According to Globe scan, 64% out of 25,000 people said environmental issue is the most serious problem. Like other issues, envi ronmental issue is a growing problem around the whole world. Some people know and say that humans have to save the Earth, but how many of them actually keep those rules to save it? For that reason, environmental issue is an ongoing problem, and global warming is the huge and significant

Andrew Jackson Development of the Penitentiary Movement

Jacksonian America: The development of the penitentiary movement Andrew Jackson is often labeled the first self-made man to become president. His most notable achievement during his presidency was that he radically expanded voting rights to all male citizens (slaves were not considered citizens at the time). The beginnings of the penitentiary movement (1829-1865) coincided with Jacksons tenure as the nations first populist president. His concept of a self-made man suggested that human beings could change, through sheer force of will. This notion of willed change is also reflected in the penitentiary movement, whereby criminals were encouraged to be penitent (hence the name penitentiary). To understand the radical nature of the penitentiary movement, it is first essential to understand the ideology to which the penitentiary system was a reply. In ages past, crime was viewed largely within the paradigm of retribution. For example, the classical theorist of criminology Cesare Beccaria v iewed the decision to commit or not commit a crime as a purely rational calculus. This meant that punishments had to be fairly severe as a deterrent. Criminals were not seen as fundamentally different from you or I, and reform was accomplished solely by a rational calculus of pain versus pleasure. Beccaria believed individuals possess freewill, rational manner and manipulability Ã¥  ith the right punishment or threat the criminal justice system can control the freewilled andShow MoreRelated Calvinism Essays1935 Words   |  8 PagesCalvinism is the theological system of John Calvin who exerted international influence on the development of the doctrine of the Protestant Reformation (Warfield, 2004). Calvin and his followers marked by strong emphasis on the sovereignty of God, the depravity of mankind, and the doctrine of predestination. This system was developed as a biblical Christianity. It has stirred countries such as Switzerland, Germany, France, Spain, England and America. C alvinist theology spread rapidly, and becameRead MoreCauses of Civil War Essay1835 Words   |  8 Pagesspecifically at the cause of the American Civil #War. There are five aspects that could of led to the Civil War and they are Westward Movement, Social Change, Froeign Policy Development, Government/Politics Development, and Economic Development. Out of the five aspects, Economic Development is the best reason for the eventual Civil War. First, Westward Movement could of led to American Civil War because of the Louisiana Purchase, Wilmont Proviso, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Popular Sovereignity, CompromiseRead MoreEnglish All Semester 26504 Words   |  27 Pagesten years fifteen years Question 11 (True/False Worth 5 points) The incident involving the strattlebug is a good example of humor through exaggeration. True False Question 12 (True/False Worth 5 points) Smileys frog is named Andrew Jackson. True False Question 13 (True/False Worth 5 points) The line He ketched a frog one day, and took him home, and said he calklated to edercate him is a good example of Twains efforts to capture the sound and flavor of oral tradition

Ap English Lit and Comp - 759 Words

Sahira Younas In the two sonnets, â€Å"Remember† by Christina Rossetti and â€Å"The Cross of Snow† by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the authors address death and remembrance indicating similarities when exploring grieving process but also demonstrate its differences through literary techniques. They both utilized symbolism, imagery, and metaphorical language but showed differences in tone. Christina Rossetti and Henry Longfellow utilized symbolism to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic meanings that guides the reader to understand the poem as a whole. In â€Å"Remember†, the poet incorporated the volta-the shift. Before line 9, the speaker insisted the beloved remember ought to remember her. Afterward, she changes her mind and says†¦show more content†¦An angel is pure, bright, and serene. The halo â€Å"pale light† (line 4) accurately tells the reader that it is not an obnoxious light rather, it is a tolerable light. The poet want s to show that the wife of the speaker symbolizes divine purity. Another thing the two sonnets share is metaphorical language; it used to imply a comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common ground. Christina Rossetti establishes an idea of metaphorically remaining â€Å"alive† through remembrance. The juxtaposition in line 1, â€Å"Remember me† and â€Å"gone away† implies that the poet suggests that the memory is the last thing a person has that still ties them to life. Henry Longfellow utilizes metaphorical language when he compares a tangible object to emotions. He includes, â€Å"There is a mountain†¦/that†¦/displays a cross of snow upon its side. / Such is the cross I wear upon my breast† (lines 9-12). The image of a mountain that bears a cross shape filled with snow manifests an image of the angelic figure going towards heaven. Longfellow purposely used a mountain to further implicate religious ideas; the height of the mountain shows that is closer to heaven because it is going upward. The snow symbolizes the wife and that she is on the peak of the mountain, reaching towards heaven. He wears the pain of the loss of his wife on his chest because she is within his soul. There are contrasting tones that each of the poets give to theShow MoreRelatedPersonal Essay : Personal Literacy Narrative885 Words   |  4 Pagesfor me to read more. Every English class in high school will make you read at least one book, but I also read books in AP Biology and AP Government. Each and every book has a purpose like most of our childhood books taught us to be respectful and to share with others. We have matured now so most books we read aren’t trying to teach us to share, but they still have a purpose and we learn something from each book we read. Mrs. Cindy Rice, my eleventh grade AP English Comp/Lit teachers at Northeast JonesRead MoreLondon 1802 vs Douglass Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesMonique Morua Mrs. Allen AP English Lit and Comp, 2 26 October 2012 â€Å"London 1802† vs. â€Å"Douglass† FRQ Throughout the centuries, there have been an infinite amount of literary works written by a sea of authors that write a variety of genres. All of these works are precious in their own way, and even if their theme is similar to that of another, the author always ads a bit of his/her own flare in order to make said literary creation unique in some way. 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Copyright Law and University Policy Free Essays

The pressures of academic success can be overwhelming to the conscientious student.   Children are ingrained from the earliest ages that each test score will decide their future. The idea of the â€Å"permanent record† looms over them at every academic turn, and this pressure leads directly to the decision by some to cheat. We will write a custom essay sample on Copyright Law and University Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now    According to a study by the Center for Academic Integrity, it was reported that more than 70 percent of high school students in the United States admitted to serious cheating in 2005 (Paulos, 2007, p. 11). This staggering number is evidence that academic dishonesty is not a problem relegated to a few bad apples, but it is a widespread epidemic that deserves closer analysis.   After all, three out of four U.S. high school students cannot be bad students without regard for academic success. Quite to the contrary, many of these students who cheat do so because they do care about their academic success and often find themselves struggling to make the grades, rather than learn the material.   Even more than the fact that students cheat, is the design of the educational system that puts measuring education above providing one.   But, the problem is not an easy one to remedy, especially with all the new methods of cheating available to students. However, regulations exist not only at the national level, but also at the university level, as copyright laws and academic integrity policies make copying the work of another a serious offense; the only difference between the two is that copyright law seeks to protect the work of its creator for financial reasons, while academic integrity policies are most often designed simply to dissuade or punish students that copy the work of others. Technology has taking cheating to a level previously unknown in education.   The Internet offers students the ability to copy and paste information into a paper, whether a phrase, a paragraph, or a doctoral thesis. While some students are aware that they are plagiarizing, there are equal amounts that simply do not understand the rules of plagiarism.   According to author Sean Price, the rules of plagiarism are not always clear-cut: â€Å"Many younger writers make this mistake because they don’t understand plagiarism’s ground rules. And learning these rules can be confusing†¦ It’s OK to borrow a well-known phrase, like ‘To be or not to be’ and not cite its source. Someone could start a story with, ‘To be or not to be on the swim team.’ That’s simply putting a twist on a famous line, not pretending it’s yours† (Price, 2005, p. 17).   Some students also borrow too heavily from a source without meaning to, but ignorance is not an acceptable excuse for lack of academic integrity. And, for every student who plagiarizes accidentally, there are many more who do so intentionally.   For both the unintentional copiers and the deliberate plagiarists, academic policies such as those employed at UMUC attempt to illuminate what is acceptable and what is not. How to cite Copyright Law and University Policy, Essays

Human Resource Management and Development MSC

Question: Discuss the personal learning, Professional learning, academic learning, development experience, aims and aspirations in life and management capabilities? Answer: Introduction In the present study of a career plan and the interpretation, it is best to analyze the prospect of my career plan and the progress in the same direction. The given report deals with the analysis of reflective of career progress plan in the field of human resource management. It also deals with analysis of my personal learning regarding different concepts of human resource management. All my personal learning is linked with my career objectives and with my academic learning experiences (Bassot and Reid, 2013). In addition to this, I have also tried to correlate my professional learning with my personal learning experience in the HR field. In addition to this, the process of developing my experience has also been reflected through the given analysis of my reflective report. The given report will also highlight the positives and negatives of me being a human resource manager in my professional career through my personal career development plan. Personal learning In the personal learning course, I have taken up human resource management M.sc as my course. I expect that I would be getting better academic and professional prospect through this particular course. In the personal learning process, I would be able to incorporate the practical knowledge that I have derived from the entire learning process (Bohlander and Snell, 2013). I would be able to manage my responsibilities at the same time would be able to channel the work of other. I would be able to know the management of the human resource along with the right implementation of proper strategies. In most of the cases, it is the management of the employees, which would help me in delivering the best in the organization (Pickersgill, 2012). I would be able to manage most of the issues of the organization. I would manage the policies and the system of the organization. This would be channeling for me, as on the personal level I would learn management of some issues at the same time. This woul d also help me in making a multi-tasker (Collings et al. 2015). This would also help me in channeling the human resource with the monitoring process. This would make me more organized as the same time disciplined. The personal learning is also based on the learning, which is derived from the idea of the interpretation of the personal level understanding. This is always fair to maintain a gap in between the professional level and the personal level (Pickersgill, 2012). However, there are certain positive aspects, which must influence the personal level. This is the understanding and the major look out that the human resource management course must entail (Dessler, 2013). The details of the idea step must include that there are certain strategies, which is important, and in the personal life, this is important and crucial. Every step must have certain strategies, which is crucial in life. This is one of the major learning that is learned from the human resource management course (Sche llenberg, 2012). My personal learning has been on not only the above-mentioned grounds but also the use of ideas and techniques according to the specific need of the organization. I need to apply the right knowledge at the right place and to make the best out of the employees. I also need to be effective in the communication, which is important in the personal level (Bassot and Reid, 2013). Apart from this, the final learning in the personal level has been the management of time and the discipline, which is required in our daily life. This is from the course and the management theories that I have earned to implement time in the most effective way. Professional learning In the professional thinking, it is the importance of the incorporation of the ideas, which is important. In all the cases, the most important aspect remains the practical ideas along with the ideas, which is imparted in education. In most of the cases, it is the understanding, which I need to have in analyzing the professional relation of the organization and the employees (Bohlander and Snell, 2013). I need to resolve and sort the issues, which is important to deal with the idea of dealing with the internal stakeholders. It will teach me the management of the issues and resolving the gap, which is there in the theory of my learning and the practical experience (Schellenberg, 2012). Performance based management is the most important aspect along with the critical reflection of the contribution in most of the professional cases. As in the professional level, I need to mange some aspects like the training process along with the performance management of the employees. This would enhan ce my professional ideas and would help me in interacting with new people (Collings et al. 2015). There are a number of aspects, which I would come to know in this regard along with vivid ideas of communicating with people. The employee suggestion and the management help in creating the look and acting like medium in between the employees and the higher authority. It was found in most of the cases that in most of the situation it was the idea, which I need to apply along with the incorporation of common sense. The organizational management includes certain survey, which I implemented and tried to know about the different techniques and methods, which has been applied in the survey. This has been a new learning process for me, and I tried to know about new protect. The experience in the course has been to incorporate the ideas of performance. I have learned that I need to be serious and make my decisions in the most successful manner (Coplin, 2012). This would be interesting, as this would enhance by performance much like performance appraisal. My academics have proved to be sufficient for my career development plan and it has helped me to understand the process of segmentation of my individual career in comparison with my peers (Scherbaum and Goldstein, 2015). On the other hand, I have understood the way to build my career development curve in a systematic manner. In addition to this, since my major aim is the field of HR, therefore, I have to meet many people working in different organizations. This has further helped me in my personal growth. Most of the professional learning is dealing with the academic learning (Dessler, 2013). However, I have learnt that there are specific needs of the employees and I need to understand their ground and then resolve their problem. I also need to assure about the remuneration, which is another vital part in the work life of the employees like me. Academic learning The course is an integrated course, which entails the study of the statistics and history of social care. This also includes analyzing different management related issues for different employees of the organization (Pifer and Baker, 2012). The major aims and objectives of my academic learning are to nourish my skills regarding the related field of human resource management. I have learned different forms of concepts and learning in the academics. The concepts are related to training and development, motivational levels, selection and recruitment procedures, etc (Dessler, 2013). I have tried to link all the theoretical concepts with that of practical and real-life examples. In addition to this, my peers and my academic teachers have helped me to groom myself and nourish my academic skills. I have learned several techniques that a human resource manager should possess (Scherbaum and Goldstein, 2015). In addition to this, I have also attempted several real life seminars organized by top HRM managers. In the academic learning, the core competency the student remains the interpretation of the entire course and the use of the basic sense to resolve the problems of the organization. The module and the assignments in the course help in enhancing the discussions and to improve the ideas, which is varied in nature (Coplin, 2012). I could apply the confidence, which is derived in the education sector, in the professional ground to enhance and make better recommendations for the future organizations. I will be learning about the incorporation of the value, which is crucial in any organization (Spinelli, 2012). It is found in this regard that most of the values imparted in the education system would enhance by chance of gripping the academic learning. I have learned that in the human resource related meeting most of the executives or mangers need t come up with solutions to the problems. In such case, the academic learning helped in understanding the different grounds on wh ich I can speak about strategies and help in the organization. This would be the total implementation of my learning from the academic ground to the workplace (Dessler, 2013). The organization would be benefitting from my academic experience that I have earned in the entire course of my learning. The academic learning has made me more concerned about the management of time in the course and study accordingly. This is to ensure that within a structure of academics there has to be a proper method of the implementation of discipline (Spinelli, 2012). The same is applicable in the professional life and in the day-to-day life. I have learnt from the text that there are many organizations, which have been beneficial from the human resource management (Dowling et al. 2013). Development experience The development process at the end of the course includes my understanding of the concepts in the health care sector. Along with this, the study includes incorporation of practical knowledge and the use of modern technology for the learning (Hoch and Dulebohn, 2013). My development experience have been strictly on certain core areas of HRM which includes the right competency, orientation of results, competency in the functional areas of HRM, influence and the ideas of collaboration, development of the organization and other capabilities and finally managing team and employees. The experience in the entire course is to implement the right theories and practice at the right place (Ivancevich and Konopaske, 2013). The development of the ideas of strategies along with the implementation of the right techniques and methods are the most important aspect in the entire process of learning. In most cases, the idea is to incorporate the idea that I learned in the entire course work. The develo pment would also include the fact that with the ideas, which are necessary for growth, the managing capabilities must foster in most of the cases. This should be a time-to-time interpretation and growth (Strohmeier, 2013). The experience in the development is to analyze the skills within me much like the employees and to channel the same to receive the best in life (Dowling et al. 2013). In most of the situation, it is the development process being in the course that not help in the management of the issues in everyday life but also helps in monitoring and application of the right strategies. As taught in the entire course it is important to note the fact that in most of the cases it is the development of the person in the course, which helps in tailoring most of the official as well as the personal work (Strohmeier, 2013). The development process has been through each module and the core strategies, which the course has, or the learning process. The process of development of my exp erience was a tedious task for me. Initially, I used to have no practical experience regarding the given field (Ivancevich and Konopaske, 2013). However, with the help of understanding the concepts of HRM has helped me to gather practical knowledge and information concerning the subject. Apart from this, I have also developed several experiences with the assist of my teachers who have helped me immensely during my course. My internship program and live projects have also helped me to gather knowledge and upgrade my skills (Landrum and Davis, 2014). I have also applied different tools and techniques for my personal benefit. I have read several books and journals of HRM of past authors. All the modern theories have helped me to judge the importance of the subject (Zafar, 2013). I have also learned to apply these theories in my practical life. In addition to this, different case studies of the subject have also helped me to focus on my subject domain and overcome my weakness. My main w eakness was lack of patience and reading the mindset of the employees. I have successfully overcome the given weaknesses and nourished the required skills (Hoch and Dulebohn, 2013). My short-term development is regarding my inter-personal skills as a HR manager. On the other hand, my long-term development plan is to create a level of satisfaction, which is at par with my required aims and objectives. In any of the corporate sector, it is essential to widen the learning process and to be prompt for the purpose of development. I have learned this from my course that I need to be diverse and would have to work hard in order to have the desired level of development in life (McNeill, 2014). Aims and aspirations in life There are several aims and objectives in my life. These aims and objectives can be divided into short-term and long-term objectives. My aspiration is life is to serve the people and patient who need care and nurturing. I would like to serve the needful. In the field of human resource management, there are several aims and aspirations that one human resource manager can interpret (Landrum and Davis, 2014). One of my aims is to the problem of the grievances of the employees of the organization. A role of HR manager is to create a peaceful work environment of the given organization. My major aim is to increase my patience level to solve all the problems of the organization. In addition to this, I want to be a good administrator among my peers (Weishaar, 2015). I want to improve my communications skills largely. An effective communication skill will help to communicate with all the employees. It will also assist me to prosper my career in the respective field of HRM. Another aim is build ing up the trust among the employees to increase their productivity and efficiency (McNeill, 2014). I can easily prosper into this field through nourishing my skills that one HR must have. The required skills will also help me to grow up the ladder in this prospective field and will keep me updated. In addition to this, I need to prosper myself and give my best effort in whatever place I work. I would try to incorporate the ideas, which are positive in all the spheres of my life to widen my skills and knowledge (Ng and Yuen, 2015). Management capabilities My management capabilities would be to analyze the situation and to use mu skills to help the employees. If I were given a better position in the later future, I would try to be a manager who inspires his subordinates to do better in their work life (Oh, 2014). The entire idea of the course is to deal with the management of the human resources that is there in the organization or are recruited. In such case, the major idea is to deal with the human force effectively, however, in many cases it is important to deal with the implementation of the management capabilities in the organization are with the prominent monitoring process (McNeill, 2014). This could be the idea of dealing with the annual report, appraisal and then managing the employees based on performance. However, there are certain issues with the management process. This includes the idea of the employees not implementing the training process effectively (Ozkut, 2015). In most of the cases, it is seen that there are certain issues, which is, faced in the organization in which the employees have an indifferent attitude. In such case, I have learned to implement the right ideas of the management process, which is effective to handle the right employees (Ng and Yuen, 2015). This boosts my self-confidence, and I can see the fact that I have the capabilities to manage the entire recruitment and training process. From my professional and personal experience, I have developed the skill of team building, patience and adapting to new situations (Wilton, 2013). Management in the department of human resources can be developed through the analysis of my strengths. I have developed my internal strengths, which has further helped me to focus on my aims and aspirations (Oh, 2014). My internal management capabilities have helped me to understand the different problems that an employee can face in a particular organization. With the ground of management as the role of human resource, executive or manager there comes a number of key aspect and responsibilities. I look forward to give my best and to channel most of my work in the right direction with the fulfillment of the expectations of the organization (Ozkut, 2015). There are certain responsibilities, which the management would shoulder on me, and it is my concern to move in prominent and efficient way. Conclusion I have concluded that with the human resource management course I can learn many of the important aspects of management in the organization. I can make use of mu academic course in gaining the professional position that I long for in life. In many of the cases, I have found that my academic prospects would help me in securing a job as human resource manager that would be suitable for the organization and me. I have found out that I have grown a developmental instinct and the application of the ideas in the most perfect and efficient way. This is one of the prime aspects to know the fact that I can inspire most of the employees in the organization. In all the above-mentioned terms, I would like to add that I would try my best to incorporate all my learning in the organization and would try to make the best out of the employees. This would be beneficial for the organization along with the prosperity in my career. Reference list Bassot, B. and Reid, H. (2013). Constructing a space for career reflection: 'The gift of time to think'.Australian Journal of Career Development, 22(2), pp.91-99. Bohlander, G. and Snell, S. (2013).Principles of human resource management. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Collings, D., Scullion, H. and Vaiman, V. (2015). Talent management: Progress and prospects.Human Resource Management Review, 25(3), pp.233-235. Coplin, W. (2012).10 things employers want you to learn in college, revised. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. Dessler, G. (2013).A framework for human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston, Mass.: Pearson Education. Dowling, P., Festing, M. and Engle, A. (2013).International human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Hoch, J. and Dulebohn, J. (2013). Shared leadership in enterprise resource planning and human resource management system implementation.Human Resource Management Review, 23(1), pp.114-125. Ivancevich, J. and Konopaske, R. (2013).Human resource management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Landrum, R. and Davis, S. (2014).The psychology major. Boston [Mass.]: Pearson. McNeill, G. (2014). Nursing career framework will help to stem crisis.Emergency Nurse, 22(1), pp.7-7. Ng, V. and Yuen, M. (2015). How is Buddhism Relevant to Career Counseling in an International High School in Hong Kong? A Counsellors Reflection.International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 37(3), pp.223-232. Oh, J. (2014). Impact Analysis of High School Students Self-Esteem and Career Plan on Academic Achievement.jeri, 16(2), p.119. Ozkut, B. (2015). The OpÄÂ ±nÄÂ ±on of MusÄÂ ±c Teachers about The ReflectÄÂ ±on of TheÄÂ ±r GaÄÂ ±ns From Personal VoÄÂ ±ce EducatÄÂ ±on Lessons to TheÄÂ ±r Career.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, pp.1109-1114. Pickersgill, F. (2012). A fair way to plan your career.Nursing Standard, 27(1), pp.62-63. Pifer, M. and Baker, V. (2012). Managing the Process: The Intradepartmental Networks of Early-Career Academics.Innov High Educ, 38(4), pp.323-337. Schellenberg, R. (2012).The National Certified School Counselor Exam (NCSCE) Study Guide. Hoboken: Taylor amp; Francis. Scherbaum, C. and Goldstein, H. (2015). Intelligence and the modern world of work.Human Resource Management Review, 25(1), pp.1-3. Spinelli, C. (2012).Classroom assessment for students in special and general education. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. Stallions, M., Murrill, L. and Earp, L. (2012). Don't Quit Now!: Crisis, Reflection, Growth, and Renewal for Early Career Teachers.Kappa Delta Pi Record, 48(3), pp.123-128. Strohmeier, S. (2013). Employee relationship management Realizing competitive advantage through information technology?.Human Resource Management Review, 23(1), pp.93-104. Weishaar, R. (2015). A Former Principals Reflection: A Plan for Enhancing School Improvement and Culture by Getting Connected.JEHD, 4(1). Wilton, N. (2013).An introduction to human resource management. London: SAGE. Zafar, H. (2013). Human resource information systems: Information security concerns for organizations.Human Resource Management Review, 23(1), pp.105-113.

Phillip Korkis Essay Example For Students

Phillip Korkis Essay Professor Boggs Comp. Lit. March 9, 2004Emotion Under the Hard ShellWhether or not God exists is a thought that millions of people pondereach day. Is there an after life? What happens when I die? In the end ofthe Stranger, Meursault meets a chaplain in his jail cell. The chaplaintries to get Meursault to believe in God and develop some sort of faithbefore he dies. However, Meursault wont listen to him and thinks hisbeliefs arent worth crap, He seemed so certain about everything, didnthe? And yet none of his certainties was worth one hair of a womans head(120). Meursault does not believe in God at all, and thats the reason forhis anger and frustration with the chaplain. He only has a few days beforehe dies, and the last thing he wants to listen to a priest preach to himabout believing in God and developing faith. As Meursault speaks to the chaplain, he is angry because the chaplainmakes him feel as if he is at loss for something; as if his life inincomplete because he doesnt believe in God, as if I was the one whodcome up emptyhanded (120). Meursault cant stand listening to thechaplain talk to him about this because he believes that he is hardly theone at loss. Meursault is certain about his life, about the decisions hesmade, and about his inevitable death. Regardless of the fact that what hislife is made of is somewhat feeble, he still knows exactly what his lifeis, Yes, that was all I had. But at least I had as much of a hold on itas it had on me (120-121). What has happened in Meursaults life isdefinite and he has no doubts about his life. However, all the certaintiesand beliefs that the chaplain claims he has are intangible. These areblind beliefs that no one can prove are true, and as a result these beliefsare worthless in Meursaults eyes. He cannot believe in something he cantsee becaus e that will drive him nuts. He doesnt have the heart or mindsetto have faith in God. I believe that Meursault uses the comparison to asingle hair on a womans head because he is saying that he wouldnt tradea single moment with Marie for all the faith in the world. He thinks faithis a lame concept because it is something that doesnt even exist in thereal world. As the chaplain continues to speak to Meursault, attempting to helphim, he gets shut down. Meursault is stubborn and rejects every word outof the chaplains mouth. The chaplain tries to convince Meursault thathuman justice does not matter and that divine justice is was what reallymatters. Meursault once again denies the chaplain by telling him that hedoes not know what divine justice is. Divine justice is nothing but afigment of the chaplains imagination to Meursault. All of the chaplainsattempts are futile as Meursault refuses to believe that anything willhappen to him after he dies. Why does Meursault refuse to believe thatthere in an afterlife or a God? I believe that in Meursaults mind, hecannot see God or some sort of higher being, therefore one must not exist. The fact of believing in something that you cannot see, hear, or touch is ascary concept. People have trouble everyday believing in a higher beingbecause there is no physical evidence that one exists. You never see God,you never hear God, and you never touch God in your lifetime on Earth. .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d , .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d .postImageUrl , .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d , .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d:hover , .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d:visited , .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d:active { border:0!important; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d:active , .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uedefd384ea1393170b6de1d12ad2345d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Did The Textile Workers Union In The Southern EssayMeursault is afraid of believing in God because he cannot see him. Although portrayed to be somewhat of a tough man, I really think thatMeursault is scared. He is scared of commitment, scared of emotion, andscared of faith. Faith is a scary concept because you can never prove it,and with a character like Meursault, faith is probably frightening. Thatsthe reason that Meursault suddenly starts yelling at the chaplain in hisjail cell:Then, I dont know why, but something inside me snapped. I startedyelling at the top of my lungs, and I insulted him and told him not towaste his prayers on me. I grabbed him by the collar of his cassock. I was pouring out on him everything that was in my heart, cries ofanger and cries of joy (120). Meursault hates the fact that the chaplain is so certain of all his beliefsbecause he knows that doesnt have the capability to do the same. He findscertainty in what he has done and what has happened in his life andbelieving in God would lead to uncertainty and confusion for Meursault, anduncertainty is something Meursault cannot handle. I think that Meursault is truly a weak character under that hard shellhe portrays himself to have. He cannot commit to Marie because he does notfeel true love and it may even scare him. In addition, Meursault canteven cry at his own mothers funeral. He acts as if her death meansnothing to him, which I dont believe is true at all. I dont think thatMeursault is this emotionless character that he shows himself to be. Heonce had feelings and morals, but he has numbed them because he canthandle all the pain and anguish that comes with life.I know thatMeursault is just like every other character with emotions and feelings inthe book because in the end of The Stranger I see his true character comeout, for the first time, in that night alive with signs and stars, Iopened myself to the gentle indifference of the world (122). Meursaultopens up and that numbed emotionless heart of his is revealed. Meursaultis finally able to feel pain, happiness and every other emotion that heused to see every day through his neighbors in his apartment building.

Writing Your Own Essay

Writing Your Own EssaySample essays can be obtained in Word format from various sites on the internet. These are very useful as they contain all the information needed to prepare a sample essay, with some formatting changes. For instance, most sample essays include some introduction and discussion.Some sample essays have written reviews of the stories in which the essayist has had some involvement. These review essays help the writer to understand what the content of the story is about and how it relates to his own life. The first step in preparing a sample essay is to find out about the subject matter, in a general way. This will help you determine whether you are prepared to write an essay on that topic.Some life events are more typical than others. For example, the birth of a child would have a far more profound effect on one's life than the death of a beloved partner. In some cases, even events in life that are quite personal, such as marriages, divorces and marriages and divorce s, are of similar magnitude to a larger event such as the death of a parent. Therefore, sample essays often contain this broader theme.A good sample essay includes a summary of the main ideas in the essay. In many cases, the ideas are called out in detail in the body of the essay. For example, the conclusion of the original essay may include an explanation of how the main ideas of the essay relate to the themes of other related essays, and also to the themes of the life of the author.There are sample essays that contain some advice. This helps you discover how to use information in the paper to achieve the right results. It is worthwhile to note that the problem of getting the advice is not the same for every type of reader, but a point to which all readers will respond.One can get samples of a sample essay in the forms of e-books. In the case of an e-book, the literature is formatted for a print edition, so there is no risk of mis-writing. Although the materials may not be that imp ressive, they will at least provide the novice with a list of suggested topics. The convenience of a printed edition makes the e-book something of a necessity.Some online resources offer sample essays. This is an easy and convenient way to get a feel for the required topic. Some of these can also be purchased at a later date for a small fee. As mentioned earlier, this gives you the opportunity to choose the topic.

Civil War Essays (4872 words) - Forms Of Government,

Civil War In this meeting of the Southern Historical Association great emphasis has been placed upon a re-examination of numerous phases of our history relating to the Civil War. While several papers have dealt with certain forces which helped bring about the Civil War, none has attempted a general synthesis of causes. This synthesis has been the task assumed by the retiring president of the Association. Before attempting to say what were the causes of the American Civil War, first let me say what were not the causes of this war. Perhaps the most beautiful, the most poetic, the most eloquent statement of what the Civil War was not fought for is Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. That address will live as long as Americans retain their love of free government and personal liberty; and yet in reassessing the causes of the Civil War, the address whose essence was that the war was being fought so that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth is irrelevant. Indeed, this masterpiece of eloquence has little if any value as a statement of the basic principles underlying the war. The Civil War was not a struggle on the part of the South to destroy free government and personal liberty nor on the part of the North to preserve them. Looked at from the present perspective of the world-wide attempt of the totalitarians to erase free governments and nations living under such governments from the face of the earth, the timeworn stereotype that the South was attempting the destruction of free government and the North was fighting to preserve it seems very unrealistic and downright silly. In the light of the present-day death struggle between freedom and the most brutal form of despotism, the Civil War, as far as the issue of free government was involved, was a sham battle. Indeed, both northern and southern people in 1861 were alike profoundly attached to the principles of free government. A systematic study of both northern and southern opinion as expressed in their newspapers, speeches, diaries, and private letters, gives irrefutable evidence in support of this ass ertion. Their ideology was democratic and identical. However, theoretical adherence to the democratic principles, as veil we know all too well in these days of plutocratic influences in our political life, is not sufficient evidence that democratic government exists. I believe that I shall not be challenged in the assertion that the economic structure of a section or a nation is the foundation upon which its political structure must rest. For this reason, therefore, it will be necessary to know what the economic foundations of these sections were. Was the economic structure of the North such as to support a political democracy in fact as well as in form? And was the economic structure of the South such as to permit the existence of free government? Time does not permit an extended treatment of this subject; it will be possible only to point out certain conclusions based upon recent research. By utilizing the county tax books and the unpublished census reports a group of us conductin g a cooperative undertaking have been able to obtain a reasonably accurate and specific picture of wealth structure of the antebellum South, and to some extent that of the other sections. We have paid particular attention to the distribution of capital wealth and the ownership of the means of production. As has been generally known the Northwest was agricultural and its population predominantly small farmers, though a considerable minority were large farmers comparable with the southern planters. It seems that in 1860 about 80 percent of the farmers in the Old Northwest were landowners. A fairly large fraction of the remaining farm population in that area were either squatters upon public lands or were the members of landowning families. Only a small per cent were renters. In those areas farther west the ownership of land was not as widespread because the farmers had not yet made good their titles to the lands that they had engrossed. Taken as a whole the people of the Northwest wer e economically self-sufficient. They could not be subjected to economic coercion and, hence, they were politically

Long MLK Analysis Essay

Long MLK Analysis Essay Long MLK Analysis Essay Curtis Long COMM 300 MLK Analysis This paper will analyze and discuss the â€Å"I have a dream speech† by Dr. Martin Luther king Jr. which was presented in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial. The speech is about the failed promises of equality for all, focusing mainly on blacks. The speech culminated a civil rights march on Washington in an attempt to secure rights for African-Americans. The march, King's speech, and other boycotts and protests eventually led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed many aspects of discrimination. The reason that the speech had such a massive impact is due to the tense social mood of the time and it gave black activists a vision for the future. It hit directly into the hearts and minds of white and blacks across America, and made people willing to change history. In just 17 minutes, Dr. King influenced and informed generations and generations of people about the racial inequality. According to almost all scholars, the seventeen-minute speech is a masterpiece of rhetoric usage . He referred to many other famous speeches and documents, including the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation, the United States Constitution, and Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. This is obvious when analyzing the speech as one can notice that King structures his speech to appeal to a large array of audiences and supporting it with the three rhetorical modes of ethos, logos and panthos engraving Dr. King’s name in history. The act was Dr. King’s â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech. This speech was about civil rights and was aimed towards all people in the hopes that one day everyone can live together equally. He also made many references to the economy, by stating that he refuses to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. The scene, was the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. This location helped devlier a huge advantage for Dr. King, as Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which had freed the slaves, so associating himself with Lincoln he portrayed himself as a great leader, and someone who was a champion for black's rights. This combined with his statement of 100 years later the negro is still not free and is crippled by the manacles of segregation. He also mentions many southern states who were staunchly opposed to desegregation, in particular he mentions Alabama with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification", in an attempt to point out the hate these people have towards blacks. The agent, is Dr. King, who gave the speech. He gave this speech because he wanted equality among races, and worked in order to achieve this goal. hoped that the children that they would see that someday.â€Å"Through his activism, he played a pivotal role in ending the legal segregation of African-American, and following this game changing speech he became the face the movement. The agency, was the change that Dr. King sought out. The change in laws which were oppressing black men and women. He continually repeats that â€Å"I have a dream†, this is to emphasis that equality is not a reality, but that there is hope to achieve his dream. He also mentions

While the Budget factored in a decline in Australias terms of trade, Essay - 2

While the Budget factored in a decline in Australias terms of trade, the fall in global commodity prices over recent months has been larger than anticipated - Essay Example A rise in this economic measure will enable Australia to buy more imports for fewer amounts of exports which in turn will increase the domestic real income. The volatility in terms of trade will induce volatility in the expenditures of the consumers as well as investment. Throughout history, Australia has been subjected to declining as well as volatile terms of trade. The situation changed after 1986. Since this year the country has been subjected to less volatile terms of trade while it is slightly upward rising trend. The terms of trade of the country has been positively correlated with economic growth of the globe. When the economic growth was strong, the terms of trade rose while the situation was just the opposite when the economic growth was slow. In the year 2000, the terms of trade of the country increased in spite of slowing down of the world economy. There are two key components on the terms of trade of the country namely the global prices of the exports and imports of the country and the goods basket of the exports and imports. The country has the ability to affect the global prices the developments within the country also have the potential to influence the terms of trade. An increase in the global prices of coal compared with ICT goods will contribute in raising the terms of trade as the country is net exporter of coal and importer of ICT goods. There has been a wide positive correlation between the terms of trade and the exchange rate prevailing over that period. The nominal or the real exchange rate has fallen since the financial crisis of mid 1998. The import prices tend to be affected by the regional influences but the export prices are influenced by world prices. In the short run the prices of imports floored more swiftly than the export prices. The exchange rate got boosted. The uneven growth in productivity in tradable or in non-tradable goods sector contributed to

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Journal - Essay Example In this quote, Mama realizes that her daughter’s ambitions are totally different from hers. She feels that her daughter wants to complement her looks with that of a â€Å"white† woman, and by doing so, she feels she is deviating from â€Å"real life†. In this passage, Mama notices that she is not living in accordance to her daughter’s expectations, in spite of the pride she takes from her hard work. This is something that even bothers her so much. Unlike her daughter â€Å"Dee†, who can always look into anyone’s eyes, Mama feels that she cannot. At the begging of the second paragraph, Maggie comes out wearing a red blouse and a pink skirt and asks her mother how she looks. It is obvious that she looks presentable before her mother, but when she walks the mother compares her to a dog. This passage presents a change in the Mama’s perspective about â€Å"real life†. She now feels that Maggie has a better figure than her sister, Dee. Implying that she will perhaps have a better future than her and Dee. In this paragraph, Mama is trying to recall how she thought Dee used to hate Maggie and their house. Although she managed to take Dee to school with the help of her church and the a few money she had, she felt that Dee did not appreciate, but turned to hate her house and small daughter. Dee realized the importance of education and wanted to share the knowledge gained with her mother and sister who only felt that they did not necessarily need such knowledge. This paragraph, therefore, indicates different perceptions about education between the educated and uneducated as well as rural and sophisticated population. At this point, Mama was narrating how Dee used to like nice things, which she always worked hard to achieve. She was quite unlike her mother, who always believed she is a big-boned woman who is conditioned to work. She even says Maggie’s lack of style will finally make her marry John Thomas who has â€Å"mossy teeth† (Walker 317). This

Cryptographic Techniques For Network Security Cryptography Computer Science Essay

Cryptographic Techniques For Network Security Cryptography Computer Science Essay The rapid growth of electronic communication means that issues in information security are of increasing practical importance. Message exchanged over worldwide publicly accessible computer networks must be kept confidential and protected against manipulation. Cryptography provides solutions to all these problems. Cryptography, a word with Greek origins means secret writing. We use the term to refer to the science and art of transforming messages to make them secure and immune to attacks. Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times, cryptography is considered to be a branch of both mathematics and computer science, and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security, and engineering. Cryptography is used in applications present in technologically advanced societies; examples include the security of ATM cards, computer passwords, electronic commerce, which all depend on cryptography. SECURITY GOALS Availability Integrity Confidentiality Security goals CONFIDENTIALITY Confidentiality is probably the most common aspect of information security. We need to protect our confidential information. An organization need to guard those malicious actions that endanger the confidentiality of its information. In the military, concealment of sensitive information is the major concern. In industry, hiding some information from competitors is crucial to the operation of the organization. In banking, customers account need to be kept secret. Confidentiality not only applies to the storage of the information, it also applies to the transmission of information. When we send a piece of information to be stored in a remote computer or when we retrieve a piece of information from a computer, we need to conceal it during transmission. INTEGRITY Information needs to be changed constantly. In a blank, when a customer deposits or with draws money, the balance of her account needs to be changed. Integrity means that changes need to be done only by authorized entities and through authorised mechanisms. Integrity violation is not necessary the result of a malicious act; an interruption in the system, such as a power surge, may also create unwanted changes in some information. AVAILABILITY The third component of information security is availability. The information created and stored by an organization needs to be available to authorized entities. Information is useless if it is not available. Information needs to be constantly changed. Which means it must be accessible to authorised entities. The unavailability of information is just as harmful for an organization as the lack of confidentiality or integrity. Imagine what would happen to a bank if the customers could not access their accounts for transactions. SECURITY SERVICES It is easy to relate one or more of these services to one or more of the security goals. It is easy to see that these services have been designed to prevent the security attacks that we have mentioned. Data confidentiality It is designed to protect data from disclosure attack. The service as defined by X.800 is very broad and encompasses confidentiality of the whole message or part of a message and also protection against traffic analysis. That is, it is designed to prevent snooping and traffic analysis attack. Data integrity It is designed to protect data from the modification, insertion, deletion, and replaying by an adversary. It may protect the whole message or part of the message. Authentication This service provides the authentication of the party at the other end of the line. In connection oriented communication, it provides authentication of the sender or receiver during the connection establishment. In connectionless communication, it authenticates the source of the data. Non repudiation Non repudiation services protects against repudiation by either the sender or the receiver of the data. In non repudiation with proof of the origin, the receiver of the data can later prove the identity of the sender if denied. In non repudiation with proof of delivery, the sender of data can later prove that data were delivered to the intended to the intended recipient. Access control It provides protection against unauthorised access to data. The term access in this definition is very broad and can involve reading, writing, modifying, executing programs, and so on. CRYPTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES SYMMETRIC KEY ENCRYPTION It is also called as secret key cryptography is a cryptographic technique where the two parties share a secret key. Data are encrypted and decrypted using the same key. The sender encrypts data using the key. Once transmitted, the receiver should use the same key to interpret the message. C:UsersmadhuDesktopsyymm.PNG Figure 1. Symmetric encryption algorithm Symmetric encryption is computationally fast, meaning that it can occur in real time on content that is unknown previously. All securely transmitted live traffic today is encrypted using symmetric encryption algorithms for example such as live telephone conversation, streaming video transmission, high speed data link. Asymmetric Key Encryption In asymmetric key encryption, different keys are used for encrypting and decrypting a message. The asymmetric key algorithms that are most useful are those in which neither key can be made public while the other is kept secure. There are some distinct advantages to this public-key-private-key arrangement, often referred to as public key cryptography; the necessity of distributing secret keys to a large numbers of users is eliminated. And the algorithm can be used for authentications as well as for cryptography. Asymmetric cipher algorithms are based on heavy mathematical operations, thus they are not efficient at processing large blocks of data. They are often used to safely exchange small session keys. C:UsersmadhuDesktopasymm.PNG Figure 2: Asymmetric Encryption Algorithm Cryptanalysis As cryptography is the science and art of creating secret codes, cryptanalysis is the science and art of breaking those codes. In addition to studying cryptography techniques, we also need to study cryptanalysis techniques. This is needed, not to break other peoples codes, but to learn how vulnerable our cryptosystem is. The study of cryptanalysis helps us create better secret codes. There are four common types of cryptanalysis attacks Cryptanalysis attack Chosen ciphertext Chosen plaintext Known plaintext Ciphertext only Figure 4: cryptanalysis attacks Ciphertext Only Attack In ciphertext only attack, Eve has access to only some cipher text. She tries to find out the corresponding key and the plain text. The assumption is that Eve knows the algorithm and can intercept the cipher text. The cipher text only attack is the most probable one because Eve needs only the cipher text for this attack. To thwart the decryption of a message by an adversary, a cipher must be very resisting to this type of attack. Various methods can be used in ciphertext only attack. Brute force attack In the brute force method or exhaustive key search method, Eve tries to use all possible keys. We assume that Eve knows the algorithm and knows the key domain. Using the intercepted cipher, Eve decrypts the cipher text with every possible key until the plain text makes sense. Using brute force attack was a difficult task in the past; it is easier today using a computer. To prevent this type of attack, the number of possible keys must be very large. Statistical attack The cryptanalyst can benefit from some inherent characteristics of the plain text language to launch a statistical attack. For example we know that the letter E is the most frequently used letter in English text. The cryptanalyst finds the mostly used character in the cipher text and assumes that the corresponding plain text character is E. After finding a few pairs, the analyst can find the key and use it to decrypt the message. To prevent this type of attack, the cipher should hide the characteristics of the language. Pattern attack Some ciphers may hide the characteristics of the language, but may create some patterns in the ciphertext. A cryptanalyst may use a pattern attack to break the cipher. Therefore, it is important to use the ciphers that make the ciphertext look as random as possible. Known Plaintext Attack In a known plaintext attack, Eve has access to some plain or ciphertext pairs in addition to the intercepted ciphertext that Eve wants to break. The plain or ciphertext pairs have been collected earlier. Alice has sent a secret message to bob, but Alice later made the contents of the message public. Eve has kept both the cipher and the plaintext to use them to break the next secret message from Alice to Bob, assuming that Alice has not changed her key. Eve uses the relationship between the previous pair to analyze the current ciphertext. The same methods used in the ciphertext-only attack can be applied here. This attack is easier to implement because Eve has more information to us for analysis. However, it is less likely to happen because Alice may have changed her key or may have not disclosed the contents of any previous messages. Chosen Plaintext Attack The chosen plaintext attack is similar to the known plaintext attack, but the plaintext or ciphertext pairs have been chosen by the attacker. This can happen, for example, if Eve has access to Alice computer. She can choose some plaintext and intercept the created ciphertext. Of course, she does not have the key because the key is normally embedded in the software used by the sender. This type of attack is much easier to implement, but it is much less likely to happen. Chosen Ciphertext Attack The chosen ciphertext attack is similar to the chosen plaintext attack, except that the Eve chooses some ciphertext and decrypts it to form a ciphertext or plaintext pair. This can happen if Eve has access to Bobs computer. TRADITIONAL CIPHERS We can divide traditional symmetric key ciphers into two broad categories substitution ciphers and transposition ciphers. In a substitution cipher, we replace one symbol in the cipher text with another symbol; in a transposition cipher, we reorder the position of symbols in the plaintext. Substitution ciphers A substitution cipher replaces one symbol with another. If the symbols in the plaintext are alphabetic characters, we replace one character with another. For example, we can replace letter A with letter D, and letter T with letter Z. If the symbols are digits (0 to 9), we can replace 3 with 7, and 2 with 6. Substitution ciphers can be categorized as either monoalphabetic ciphers or polyalphabetic ciphers. Monoalphabetic ciphers We first discuss a group of substitution ciphers called the monoalphabetic ciphers. In monoalphabetic substitution, a character in the plaintext is always changed to the same character in the ciphertext regardless of its position in the text. For example, if the algorithm says that letter A in the plaintext is changed to letter D. In other words, the relationship between letters in the plaintext and the ciphertext is one to one. Example: we use lowercase character to show the plaintext; we use the uppercase characters to show the ciphertext. The cipher is probably the monoalphabetic because both 1s are encrypted as 0s. Plaintext: hello ciphertext: khoor Caesar cipher Caesar cipher is a special case of substitution techniques wherein each alphabet in a message is replaced by an alphabet three places down the line. Caesar cipher is susceptible to a statistical ciphertext only attack. Julius Caesar used this additive cipher to communicate with his officers. For this reason additive ciphers are referred as Caesar cipher. Caesar cipher used a key of 3 for his communications. P a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u C A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 v w x y z V W X Y Z 21 22 23 24 25 For example: let the message hello is encrypted with the key of 15. Then all the characters in the ciphertext will be shifted from 15. Then the answer is hello= WTAAD Mathematically C (ciphertext) = (P+K) mod 26 (K= key) P (plaintext) = (C-K) mod 26 To encrypt message hello Plaintext h= 7 encryption (7+15)mod 26 C= 22=> W Plaintext e= 4 encryption (4+15)mod 26 C= 19=> T To decrypt WTAAD Ciphertext W=22 decryption (22-15)mod 26 P= 7=>h Ciphertext T=19 decryption (19-15)mod 26 p= 4=>e Cryptanalysis Caesar ciphers are vulnerable to ciphertext only attacks using exhaustive key searches (brute force attack). The key domain of the Caesar cipher is very small; there are only 26 keys. However, one of the keys, zero, is useless (the ciphertext is same as the plaintext). This leaves only 25 possible keys. Eve can easily launch a brute force attack on the ciphertext. Caesar cipher using cryptool Working the same example using cryptool, first of all, to acquaint ourselves with the Caesar encryption algorithm we will open a document, encrypt it and then decrypt it again. We will then try to get the computer to work out the key with which a plaintext is encrypted. This plaintext document is encrypted using the Caesar encryption algorithm by selecting the menu crypt/decrypt. C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaseaer 5.PNG Then the following dialog box appears. The key we enter is the number 15. Additionally, we change the options how to interpret the alphabet characters. The first alphabet character is set to 1 (if we set the character to 0 and use A as key, then the resulting ciphertext is the same as the plaintext). C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaesar 3.PNG Clicking on the Encrypt button opens a new window that contains the encrypted text. It becomes apparent that the letters have been shifted by 15 positions. So the word hello, is now wtaad C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaeser 6.PNG The plaintext version of this encrypted document can now be obtained by selecting crypt/decrypt again. In this dialog box which appears we now enter the key with which the document was encrypted (15). This time it has to be decrypted so decrypt button must be selected. Now the next step is to find the key using cryptanalysis. The plaintext window is made active by clicking on it. Now the entropy is selected via the menu selection Analysis/General/Entropy) C:UsersmadhuDesktopentropy.PNG Now the frequency distribution of the letters is calculated. The histogram of the encrypted document letter frequencies have been shifted by 15 positions. That means the encryption algorithm is not secure. Moreover Z shifts the text by 26 positions so that the encrypted text is actually identical with the unencrypted text. Hence there are really only 25 keys. The Caesar encryption algorithm can be broken easily by a ciphertext only attack. To perform such an attack, restore the window containing the encrypted text to the window and select Analysis/ciphertext only/ Caesar. The text will automatically be analyzed. By analyzing the superposition it is possible to discover the key which was used to encrypt this document. In this case it was the letter P. When the decrypt button is clicked the plaintext appears, i.e. the text that has been decrypted with the key p that was discovered. So the cryptool successfully found the key with which the document has been encrypted. C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaesar 8.PNG Analysis of Caesar Cipher Advantages Very easy to use The encryption and decryption can be done very quickly Disadvantages The encryption and decryption algorithms are known There are only 25 keys to try The language of the plaintext is known and easily recognizable. Applications It was used biblical times can be found on the back of Mezuzah where it encrypts the name of the god. During the First World War the Russian army used this method to relay messages to troops. It is used as an application in the Android version 1.4.0 Polyalphabetic Cipher In polyalphabetic substitution, each occurrence of a character may have a different substitute. The relationship between characters in the plaintext to a character in the ciphertext is one-to-many. For example, a could be enciphered as D in the beginning of the text, but as N at the middle. Polyalphabetic ciphers have the advantage of hiding the letter frequency of the underlying language. Eve cannot use single letter frequency statistic to break the ciphertext. To create a polyalphabetic cipher, we need to make each ciphertext character dependent on both the corresponding plaintext character and the position of the plaintext character in the message. This implies that our key should be stream of subkeys, in which each subkey depends somehow on the position of the plaintext character that uses that subkey for encipherment. In other words, we need to have a key stream k= (k1,k2,k3.) in which ki is used to encipher the ith character in the plaintext to create the ith character in the ciphertext. Playfair Cipher Playfair cipher is the example of polyalphabetic cipher. The secret key in this cipher is made of 25 alphabet letters arranged in a 55 matrix (letters I and J are considered the same when encrypting). Different arrangements of the letters in the matrix can create many different secret keys. One of the possible arrangements is shown below L G D B A Q M H E C U R N I/J F X V S O K Z Y W T P Before encryption, if the two letters in a pair are the same, a bogus letter is inserted to separate them. After inserting bogus letters, if the number of characters in the plaintext is odd, one extra bogus character is added at the end to make the number of characters even. The cipher uses three rules for encryption If the two letters in a pair are located in the same row of the secret key, the corresponding encrypted character for each letter is the next letter to the right in the same row (with wrapping to the beginning of the row if the plaintext letter is the last character in the row). If the two letters in a pair are located in the same row of the secret key, the corresponding encrypted character for each letter is the letter beneath it in the same column (with wrapping to the beginning of the column if the plaintext letter is the last character in the column). If the two letters in a pair are not in the same row or column of the secret, the corresponding encrypted for each letter is a letter that is in its own row but in the same column as the other letter. The playfair cipher meets the criteria for a polyalphabetic cipher. The key is a stream of subkeys in which the subkeys are created two at a time. In playfair cipher, the key stream and the cipher stream are the same. This means that the above mentioned rules can be thought of as the rules for creating the key stream. The encryption algorithm takes a pair of characters from plaintext and creates a pair of subkeys by following the above mentioned rules. We can say that the key stream depends on the position of the character in the plaintext. Position dependency has a different interpretation here the subkey for each plaintext character depends on the next previously neighbour. If P= P1, P2, P3 C= C1, C2, C3. K= [(k1, k2), (k3, k4) ] Encryption: Ci = ki Decryption: Pi = ki Example: keyword is PLAYFAIR P L A Y F I R E X M B C D G H J K N O S T U V W Z ENCRYPT: hide the gold underground plaintext HI DE TH EG OL DU ND ER GR OU ND ciphertext BM ND ZB XD KY CV VN XE CX KW VN DECRYPT: DMYRYKEVGHWGNGPXM ciphertext DM YR YK EV GH WG NG GP XM plaintext HE LX LO AN DG OX OD BY EX Message: Hello and Goodbye. Cryptanalysis of a Playfair Cipher Brute force attack on a playfair cipher is very difficult. The size of the key domain is 25! (Factorial 25). In addition, the encipherment hides the single letter frequency of the characters. However, the frequencies of diagrams are preserved. So a cryptanalyst can use a ciphertext-only attack based on the diagram frequency test to find a key. Analysis of playfair Advantages The main advantage of the system is it robs a cryptanalyst as they are no longer looking for recurring encoding as in an letter e can be encrypted as different letter each time. Playfair was long time considerably unbreakable. There are 26 letters so it is 26*26=676 diagrams which are quiet difficult to break. Disadvantages Still leaves much of the language structure Frequency distribution of letters Few 100s of ciphertext letters are enough for cryptanalysis. Applications Playfair cipher was used by British army during World War 1. When John F. Kennedys PT-109 was sunk by a Japanese controlled plum pudding island and was able to send an emergency message in playfair from an allied coast watchers hut to arrange the rescue of the survivors from his crew. Playfair crossword by Beetlejuice is an example puzzle using playfair as a gimmick. Vigenere Cipher Vigenere cipher made an immediate success as a field cipher. This type of polyalphabetic cipher was designed by Blaise de Vigenere, a sixteenth century French mathematician. A vigenere cipher uses a different strategy to create the key stream. The key stream is a repetition of an initial secret key stream of length m, where we have 1 P= p1p2p3.. C= c1c2c3 K= [(k1,k2,k3km),(k1,k2,k3km),] Encryption: Ci= Pi+Ki Decryption: Pi= Ci-Ki One important difference between the vigenere cipher and the other polyalphabetic ciphers is that the vigenere cipher key stream does not depend on the plaintext characters; it depends only on the position of the character in the plaintext. In other words the key stream can be created without knowing what the plaintext is. Example mathematically She is listening this message should be encrypted using the keyword PASCAL. plaintext s h e i s l i s t e n i n g P values 18 7 4 8 18 11 8 18 19 4 13 8 13 6 key 15 0 18 2 0 11 15 0 18 2 0 11 15 0 C values 7 7 22 10 18 22 23 18 11 6 13 19 2 6 Ciphertext H H W K S W X S L G N T C G Another way to look at viginere ciphers is through what is called a Vigenere Tableau. The first row shows the plaintext character to be encrypted. The first column contains the characters to be used by the key. The rest of the tableau shows the ciphertext characters. To find the ciphertext for the plaintext she is listening using the word pascal as the key, we can find s in the first row, p in the first column, the cross section is the ciphertext character H. We can find h in the first row and A in the second column, the cross section is the ciphertext character H. The same method should be followed until all the ciphertext characters are found. C:UsersmadhuDesktoptable.PNG Vigenere Tableau Cryptanalysis of Vigenere Cipher Vigenere ciphers do not preserve the frequency of characters. The cryptanalysis here consists of two parts for finding out the length of the key and finding the key itself. Several methods has been devised to find the length of the key but one method called kaisiski test, the cryptanalysis searches for repeated text segments, of atleast three characters, in the ciphertext. Suppose that two of the segments are found and the distance between them is d. The cryptanalyst assumes that d/m where m is the key length. If more repeated segments with distances d1,d2,d3.dn then gcd (d1,d2,d3,..dn)/m. This assumption is logical because if two characters are the same are k*m (k= 1,2,) characters part in the ciphertext. Cryptanalyst uses segment of at least three characters to avoid the cases where the character in the key are not distinct. After the length of the key is found, the cryptanalyst uses the idea of dividing the ciphertext into m different pieces and applies the method used to crypt analyze the additive cipher, including the frequency attack. Each ciphertext piece can be decrypted and put together to create the whole plaintext. Vigenere Cipher Using Cryptool To perform vigenere cipher encryption a new document is opened and then the encryption and decryption is performed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin1.PNG This plaintext document is encrypted using the vigenere encryption algorithm by selecting the keys crypt/decrypt/vigenere following which another dialog box appears. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin3.PNG By clicking on the Encrypt button opens a new window that contains the encrypted text. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin2.PNG The plaintext of this document can now be obtained by selecting crypt/decrypt/vigenere. In the dialog box which appears then where the key with which the document was encrypted. This time the document is to be decrypted. Therefore the decrypt button must be selected. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin3.PNG By clicking on the decrypt button the plaintext document appears immediately. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin4.PNG To find the key with which the document was encrypted. Restore the encrypted document window and then select analysis/ciphertext only/vigenere, following with which the text will automatically be analyzed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin5.PNG It is possible to work out the key length from the regular peaks in the autocorrelation. It is correctly calculated at 6 characters. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin6.PNG When the continue button is clicked, another dialog box opens to display the key that has been computed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin7.PNG By clicking on the decrypt button the dialog box disappears and another window opens which contains the plaintext. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin8.PNG Hill Cipher Hill cipher is invented by Lester S. Hill. This polyalphabetic cipher divides the plaintext into equal size blocks. The encrypted one at a time in such a way that each character in the block contributes to the encryption of other characters in the block. Hill cipher belongs to the category of ciphers called block ciphers. C1= (+ + ) mod 26 C2= (+ + ) mod 26 C3= (+ + ) mod 26 The encryption algorithm takes m successive plaintext letters and substitute for them m ciphertext letter. The substitution is determined by m linear equations in which each character is assigned a numerical value (a=0, b=1,c=2, ..z=25). This can be expressed in terms of column vectors and matrices = mod 26 C = KP mod 26 where C and P are column vectors representing the plaintext and ciphertext. K is the encrypting key. Example for Hill Cipher: Plaintext: pay more money Key (K) = C = KP mod 26 = mod 26 = = LNS For plaintext pay, ciphertext is LNS. The entire ciphertext is LNSHDLEWMTRW. For the decryption of the hill cipher is done using the inverse of the matrix K. Cryptanalysis of Hill Cipher Ciphertext-only attack on hill cipher is difficult. Even brute force attack on a hill cipher is extremely difficult because the key is an m*m matrix. Each entry in the matrix can have one of the 26 values. At first glance, this means that the size of the key domain is. Secondly the hill ciphers do not preserve the statistics of the plaintext. Frequency analysis cannot be run on single letters, diagrams and trigrams. A frequency analysis of words of size m might work, but this is very rare that a plaintext has many strings of size m that are the same.