Cryptographic Techniques For Network Security Cryptography Computer Science Essay

Cryptographic Techniques For Network Security Cryptography Computer Science Essay The rapid growth of electronic communication means that issues in information security are of increasing practical importance. Message exchanged over worldwide publicly accessible computer networks must be kept confidential and protected against manipulation. Cryptography provides solutions to all these problems. Cryptography, a word with Greek origins means secret writing. We use the term to refer to the science and art of transforming messages to make them secure and immune to attacks. Cryptography is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times, cryptography is considered to be a branch of both mathematics and computer science, and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security, and engineering. Cryptography is used in applications present in technologically advanced societies; examples include the security of ATM cards, computer passwords, electronic commerce, which all depend on cryptography. SECURITY GOALS Availability Integrity Confidentiality Security goals CONFIDENTIALITY Confidentiality is probably the most common aspect of information security. We need to protect our confidential information. An organization need to guard those malicious actions that endanger the confidentiality of its information. In the military, concealment of sensitive information is the major concern. In industry, hiding some information from competitors is crucial to the operation of the organization. In banking, customers account need to be kept secret. Confidentiality not only applies to the storage of the information, it also applies to the transmission of information. When we send a piece of information to be stored in a remote computer or when we retrieve a piece of information from a computer, we need to conceal it during transmission. INTEGRITY Information needs to be changed constantly. In a blank, when a customer deposits or with draws money, the balance of her account needs to be changed. Integrity means that changes need to be done only by authorized entities and through authorised mechanisms. Integrity violation is not necessary the result of a malicious act; an interruption in the system, such as a power surge, may also create unwanted changes in some information. AVAILABILITY The third component of information security is availability. The information created and stored by an organization needs to be available to authorized entities. Information is useless if it is not available. Information needs to be constantly changed. Which means it must be accessible to authorised entities. The unavailability of information is just as harmful for an organization as the lack of confidentiality or integrity. Imagine what would happen to a bank if the customers could not access their accounts for transactions. SECURITY SERVICES It is easy to relate one or more of these services to one or more of the security goals. It is easy to see that these services have been designed to prevent the security attacks that we have mentioned. Data confidentiality It is designed to protect data from disclosure attack. The service as defined by X.800 is very broad and encompasses confidentiality of the whole message or part of a message and also protection against traffic analysis. That is, it is designed to prevent snooping and traffic analysis attack. Data integrity It is designed to protect data from the modification, insertion, deletion, and replaying by an adversary. It may protect the whole message or part of the message. Authentication This service provides the authentication of the party at the other end of the line. In connection oriented communication, it provides authentication of the sender or receiver during the connection establishment. In connectionless communication, it authenticates the source of the data. Non repudiation Non repudiation services protects against repudiation by either the sender or the receiver of the data. In non repudiation with proof of the origin, the receiver of the data can later prove the identity of the sender if denied. In non repudiation with proof of delivery, the sender of data can later prove that data were delivered to the intended to the intended recipient. Access control It provides protection against unauthorised access to data. The term access in this definition is very broad and can involve reading, writing, modifying, executing programs, and so on. CRYPTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES SYMMETRIC KEY ENCRYPTION It is also called as secret key cryptography is a cryptographic technique where the two parties share a secret key. Data are encrypted and decrypted using the same key. The sender encrypts data using the key. Once transmitted, the receiver should use the same key to interpret the message. C:UsersmadhuDesktopsyymm.PNG Figure 1. Symmetric encryption algorithm Symmetric encryption is computationally fast, meaning that it can occur in real time on content that is unknown previously. All securely transmitted live traffic today is encrypted using symmetric encryption algorithms for example such as live telephone conversation, streaming video transmission, high speed data link. Asymmetric Key Encryption In asymmetric key encryption, different keys are used for encrypting and decrypting a message. The asymmetric key algorithms that are most useful are those in which neither key can be made public while the other is kept secure. There are some distinct advantages to this public-key-private-key arrangement, often referred to as public key cryptography; the necessity of distributing secret keys to a large numbers of users is eliminated. And the algorithm can be used for authentications as well as for cryptography. Asymmetric cipher algorithms are based on heavy mathematical operations, thus they are not efficient at processing large blocks of data. They are often used to safely exchange small session keys. C:UsersmadhuDesktopasymm.PNG Figure 2: Asymmetric Encryption Algorithm Cryptanalysis As cryptography is the science and art of creating secret codes, cryptanalysis is the science and art of breaking those codes. In addition to studying cryptography techniques, we also need to study cryptanalysis techniques. This is needed, not to break other peoples codes, but to learn how vulnerable our cryptosystem is. The study of cryptanalysis helps us create better secret codes. There are four common types of cryptanalysis attacks Cryptanalysis attack Chosen ciphertext Chosen plaintext Known plaintext Ciphertext only Figure 4: cryptanalysis attacks Ciphertext Only Attack In ciphertext only attack, Eve has access to only some cipher text. She tries to find out the corresponding key and the plain text. The assumption is that Eve knows the algorithm and can intercept the cipher text. The cipher text only attack is the most probable one because Eve needs only the cipher text for this attack. To thwart the decryption of a message by an adversary, a cipher must be very resisting to this type of attack. Various methods can be used in ciphertext only attack. Brute force attack In the brute force method or exhaustive key search method, Eve tries to use all possible keys. We assume that Eve knows the algorithm and knows the key domain. Using the intercepted cipher, Eve decrypts the cipher text with every possible key until the plain text makes sense. Using brute force attack was a difficult task in the past; it is easier today using a computer. To prevent this type of attack, the number of possible keys must be very large. Statistical attack The cryptanalyst can benefit from some inherent characteristics of the plain text language to launch a statistical attack. For example we know that the letter E is the most frequently used letter in English text. The cryptanalyst finds the mostly used character in the cipher text and assumes that the corresponding plain text character is E. After finding a few pairs, the analyst can find the key and use it to decrypt the message. To prevent this type of attack, the cipher should hide the characteristics of the language. Pattern attack Some ciphers may hide the characteristics of the language, but may create some patterns in the ciphertext. A cryptanalyst may use a pattern attack to break the cipher. Therefore, it is important to use the ciphers that make the ciphertext look as random as possible. Known Plaintext Attack In a known plaintext attack, Eve has access to some plain or ciphertext pairs in addition to the intercepted ciphertext that Eve wants to break. The plain or ciphertext pairs have been collected earlier. Alice has sent a secret message to bob, but Alice later made the contents of the message public. Eve has kept both the cipher and the plaintext to use them to break the next secret message from Alice to Bob, assuming that Alice has not changed her key. Eve uses the relationship between the previous pair to analyze the current ciphertext. The same methods used in the ciphertext-only attack can be applied here. This attack is easier to implement because Eve has more information to us for analysis. However, it is less likely to happen because Alice may have changed her key or may have not disclosed the contents of any previous messages. Chosen Plaintext Attack The chosen plaintext attack is similar to the known plaintext attack, but the plaintext or ciphertext pairs have been chosen by the attacker. This can happen, for example, if Eve has access to Alice computer. She can choose some plaintext and intercept the created ciphertext. Of course, she does not have the key because the key is normally embedded in the software used by the sender. This type of attack is much easier to implement, but it is much less likely to happen. Chosen Ciphertext Attack The chosen ciphertext attack is similar to the chosen plaintext attack, except that the Eve chooses some ciphertext and decrypts it to form a ciphertext or plaintext pair. This can happen if Eve has access to Bobs computer. TRADITIONAL CIPHERS We can divide traditional symmetric key ciphers into two broad categories substitution ciphers and transposition ciphers. In a substitution cipher, we replace one symbol in the cipher text with another symbol; in a transposition cipher, we reorder the position of symbols in the plaintext. Substitution ciphers A substitution cipher replaces one symbol with another. If the symbols in the plaintext are alphabetic characters, we replace one character with another. For example, we can replace letter A with letter D, and letter T with letter Z. If the symbols are digits (0 to 9), we can replace 3 with 7, and 2 with 6. Substitution ciphers can be categorized as either monoalphabetic ciphers or polyalphabetic ciphers. Monoalphabetic ciphers We first discuss a group of substitution ciphers called the monoalphabetic ciphers. In monoalphabetic substitution, a character in the plaintext is always changed to the same character in the ciphertext regardless of its position in the text. For example, if the algorithm says that letter A in the plaintext is changed to letter D. In other words, the relationship between letters in the plaintext and the ciphertext is one to one. Example: we use lowercase character to show the plaintext; we use the uppercase characters to show the ciphertext. The cipher is probably the monoalphabetic because both 1s are encrypted as 0s. Plaintext: hello ciphertext: khoor Caesar cipher Caesar cipher is a special case of substitution techniques wherein each alphabet in a message is replaced by an alphabet three places down the line. Caesar cipher is susceptible to a statistical ciphertext only attack. Julius Caesar used this additive cipher to communicate with his officers. For this reason additive ciphers are referred as Caesar cipher. Caesar cipher used a key of 3 for his communications. P a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u C A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 v w x y z V W X Y Z 21 22 23 24 25 For example: let the message hello is encrypted with the key of 15. Then all the characters in the ciphertext will be shifted from 15. Then the answer is hello= WTAAD Mathematically C (ciphertext) = (P+K) mod 26 (K= key) P (plaintext) = (C-K) mod 26 To encrypt message hello Plaintext h= 7 encryption (7+15)mod 26 C= 22=> W Plaintext e= 4 encryption (4+15)mod 26 C= 19=> T To decrypt WTAAD Ciphertext W=22 decryption (22-15)mod 26 P= 7=>h Ciphertext T=19 decryption (19-15)mod 26 p= 4=>e Cryptanalysis Caesar ciphers are vulnerable to ciphertext only attacks using exhaustive key searches (brute force attack). The key domain of the Caesar cipher is very small; there are only 26 keys. However, one of the keys, zero, is useless (the ciphertext is same as the plaintext). This leaves only 25 possible keys. Eve can easily launch a brute force attack on the ciphertext. Caesar cipher using cryptool Working the same example using cryptool, first of all, to acquaint ourselves with the Caesar encryption algorithm we will open a document, encrypt it and then decrypt it again. We will then try to get the computer to work out the key with which a plaintext is encrypted. This plaintext document is encrypted using the Caesar encryption algorithm by selecting the menu crypt/decrypt. C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaseaer 5.PNG Then the following dialog box appears. The key we enter is the number 15. Additionally, we change the options how to interpret the alphabet characters. The first alphabet character is set to 1 (if we set the character to 0 and use A as key, then the resulting ciphertext is the same as the plaintext). C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaesar 3.PNG Clicking on the Encrypt button opens a new window that contains the encrypted text. It becomes apparent that the letters have been shifted by 15 positions. So the word hello, is now wtaad C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaeser 6.PNG The plaintext version of this encrypted document can now be obtained by selecting crypt/decrypt again. In this dialog box which appears we now enter the key with which the document was encrypted (15). This time it has to be decrypted so decrypt button must be selected. Now the next step is to find the key using cryptanalysis. The plaintext window is made active by clicking on it. Now the entropy is selected via the menu selection Analysis/General/Entropy) C:UsersmadhuDesktopentropy.PNG Now the frequency distribution of the letters is calculated. The histogram of the encrypted document letter frequencies have been shifted by 15 positions. That means the encryption algorithm is not secure. Moreover Z shifts the text by 26 positions so that the encrypted text is actually identical with the unencrypted text. Hence there are really only 25 keys. The Caesar encryption algorithm can be broken easily by a ciphertext only attack. To perform such an attack, restore the window containing the encrypted text to the window and select Analysis/ciphertext only/ Caesar. The text will automatically be analyzed. By analyzing the superposition it is possible to discover the key which was used to encrypt this document. In this case it was the letter P. When the decrypt button is clicked the plaintext appears, i.e. the text that has been decrypted with the key p that was discovered. So the cryptool successfully found the key with which the document has been encrypted. C:UsersmadhuDesktopcaesar 8.PNG Analysis of Caesar Cipher Advantages Very easy to use The encryption and decryption can be done very quickly Disadvantages The encryption and decryption algorithms are known There are only 25 keys to try The language of the plaintext is known and easily recognizable. Applications It was used biblical times can be found on the back of Mezuzah where it encrypts the name of the god. During the First World War the Russian army used this method to relay messages to troops. It is used as an application in the Android version 1.4.0 Polyalphabetic Cipher In polyalphabetic substitution, each occurrence of a character may have a different substitute. The relationship between characters in the plaintext to a character in the ciphertext is one-to-many. For example, a could be enciphered as D in the beginning of the text, but as N at the middle. Polyalphabetic ciphers have the advantage of hiding the letter frequency of the underlying language. Eve cannot use single letter frequency statistic to break the ciphertext. To create a polyalphabetic cipher, we need to make each ciphertext character dependent on both the corresponding plaintext character and the position of the plaintext character in the message. This implies that our key should be stream of subkeys, in which each subkey depends somehow on the position of the plaintext character that uses that subkey for encipherment. In other words, we need to have a key stream k= (k1,k2,k3.) in which ki is used to encipher the ith character in the plaintext to create the ith character in the ciphertext. Playfair Cipher Playfair cipher is the example of polyalphabetic cipher. The secret key in this cipher is made of 25 alphabet letters arranged in a 55 matrix (letters I and J are considered the same when encrypting). Different arrangements of the letters in the matrix can create many different secret keys. One of the possible arrangements is shown below L G D B A Q M H E C U R N I/J F X V S O K Z Y W T P Before encryption, if the two letters in a pair are the same, a bogus letter is inserted to separate them. After inserting bogus letters, if the number of characters in the plaintext is odd, one extra bogus character is added at the end to make the number of characters even. The cipher uses three rules for encryption If the two letters in a pair are located in the same row of the secret key, the corresponding encrypted character for each letter is the next letter to the right in the same row (with wrapping to the beginning of the row if the plaintext letter is the last character in the row). If the two letters in a pair are located in the same row of the secret key, the corresponding encrypted character for each letter is the letter beneath it in the same column (with wrapping to the beginning of the column if the plaintext letter is the last character in the column). If the two letters in a pair are not in the same row or column of the secret, the corresponding encrypted for each letter is a letter that is in its own row but in the same column as the other letter. The playfair cipher meets the criteria for a polyalphabetic cipher. The key is a stream of subkeys in which the subkeys are created two at a time. In playfair cipher, the key stream and the cipher stream are the same. This means that the above mentioned rules can be thought of as the rules for creating the key stream. The encryption algorithm takes a pair of characters from plaintext and creates a pair of subkeys by following the above mentioned rules. We can say that the key stream depends on the position of the character in the plaintext. Position dependency has a different interpretation here the subkey for each plaintext character depends on the next previously neighbour. If P= P1, P2, P3 C= C1, C2, C3. K= [(k1, k2), (k3, k4) ] Encryption: Ci = ki Decryption: Pi = ki Example: keyword is PLAYFAIR P L A Y F I R E X M B C D G H J K N O S T U V W Z ENCRYPT: hide the gold underground plaintext HI DE TH EG OL DU ND ER GR OU ND ciphertext BM ND ZB XD KY CV VN XE CX KW VN DECRYPT: DMYRYKEVGHWGNGPXM ciphertext DM YR YK EV GH WG NG GP XM plaintext HE LX LO AN DG OX OD BY EX Message: Hello and Goodbye. Cryptanalysis of a Playfair Cipher Brute force attack on a playfair cipher is very difficult. The size of the key domain is 25! (Factorial 25). In addition, the encipherment hides the single letter frequency of the characters. However, the frequencies of diagrams are preserved. So a cryptanalyst can use a ciphertext-only attack based on the diagram frequency test to find a key. Analysis of playfair Advantages The main advantage of the system is it robs a cryptanalyst as they are no longer looking for recurring encoding as in an letter e can be encrypted as different letter each time. Playfair was long time considerably unbreakable. There are 26 letters so it is 26*26=676 diagrams which are quiet difficult to break. Disadvantages Still leaves much of the language structure Frequency distribution of letters Few 100s of ciphertext letters are enough for cryptanalysis. Applications Playfair cipher was used by British army during World War 1. When John F. Kennedys PT-109 was sunk by a Japanese controlled plum pudding island and was able to send an emergency message in playfair from an allied coast watchers hut to arrange the rescue of the survivors from his crew. Playfair crossword by Beetlejuice is an example puzzle using playfair as a gimmick. Vigenere Cipher Vigenere cipher made an immediate success as a field cipher. This type of polyalphabetic cipher was designed by Blaise de Vigenere, a sixteenth century French mathematician. A vigenere cipher uses a different strategy to create the key stream. The key stream is a repetition of an initial secret key stream of length m, where we have 1 P= p1p2p3.. C= c1c2c3 K= [(k1,k2,k3km),(k1,k2,k3km),] Encryption: Ci= Pi+Ki Decryption: Pi= Ci-Ki One important difference between the vigenere cipher and the other polyalphabetic ciphers is that the vigenere cipher key stream does not depend on the plaintext characters; it depends only on the position of the character in the plaintext. In other words the key stream can be created without knowing what the plaintext is. Example mathematically She is listening this message should be encrypted using the keyword PASCAL. plaintext s h e i s l i s t e n i n g P values 18 7 4 8 18 11 8 18 19 4 13 8 13 6 key 15 0 18 2 0 11 15 0 18 2 0 11 15 0 C values 7 7 22 10 18 22 23 18 11 6 13 19 2 6 Ciphertext H H W K S W X S L G N T C G Another way to look at viginere ciphers is through what is called a Vigenere Tableau. The first row shows the plaintext character to be encrypted. The first column contains the characters to be used by the key. The rest of the tableau shows the ciphertext characters. To find the ciphertext for the plaintext she is listening using the word pascal as the key, we can find s in the first row, p in the first column, the cross section is the ciphertext character H. We can find h in the first row and A in the second column, the cross section is the ciphertext character H. The same method should be followed until all the ciphertext characters are found. C:UsersmadhuDesktoptable.PNG Vigenere Tableau Cryptanalysis of Vigenere Cipher Vigenere ciphers do not preserve the frequency of characters. The cryptanalysis here consists of two parts for finding out the length of the key and finding the key itself. Several methods has been devised to find the length of the key but one method called kaisiski test, the cryptanalysis searches for repeated text segments, of atleast three characters, in the ciphertext. Suppose that two of the segments are found and the distance between them is d. The cryptanalyst assumes that d/m where m is the key length. If more repeated segments with distances d1,d2,d3.dn then gcd (d1,d2,d3,..dn)/m. This assumption is logical because if two characters are the same are k*m (k= 1,2,) characters part in the ciphertext. Cryptanalyst uses segment of at least three characters to avoid the cases where the character in the key are not distinct. After the length of the key is found, the cryptanalyst uses the idea of dividing the ciphertext into m different pieces and applies the method used to crypt analyze the additive cipher, including the frequency attack. Each ciphertext piece can be decrypted and put together to create the whole plaintext. Vigenere Cipher Using Cryptool To perform vigenere cipher encryption a new document is opened and then the encryption and decryption is performed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin1.PNG This plaintext document is encrypted using the vigenere encryption algorithm by selecting the keys crypt/decrypt/vigenere following which another dialog box appears. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin3.PNG By clicking on the Encrypt button opens a new window that contains the encrypted text. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin2.PNG The plaintext of this document can now be obtained by selecting crypt/decrypt/vigenere. In the dialog box which appears then where the key with which the document was encrypted. This time the document is to be decrypted. Therefore the decrypt button must be selected. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin3.PNG By clicking on the decrypt button the plaintext document appears immediately. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin4.PNG To find the key with which the document was encrypted. Restore the encrypted document window and then select analysis/ciphertext only/vigenere, following with which the text will automatically be analyzed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin5.PNG It is possible to work out the key length from the regular peaks in the autocorrelation. It is correctly calculated at 6 characters. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin6.PNG When the continue button is clicked, another dialog box opens to display the key that has been computed. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin7.PNG By clicking on the decrypt button the dialog box disappears and another window opens which contains the plaintext. C:UsersmadhuDesktopvin8.PNG Hill Cipher Hill cipher is invented by Lester S. Hill. This polyalphabetic cipher divides the plaintext into equal size blocks. The encrypted one at a time in such a way that each character in the block contributes to the encryption of other characters in the block. Hill cipher belongs to the category of ciphers called block ciphers. C1= (+ + ) mod 26 C2= (+ + ) mod 26 C3= (+ + ) mod 26 The encryption algorithm takes m successive plaintext letters and substitute for them m ciphertext letter. The substitution is determined by m linear equations in which each character is assigned a numerical value (a=0, b=1,c=2, ..z=25). This can be expressed in terms of column vectors and matrices = mod 26 C = KP mod 26 where C and P are column vectors representing the plaintext and ciphertext. K is the encrypting key. Example for Hill Cipher: Plaintext: pay more money Key (K) = C = KP mod 26 = mod 26 = = LNS For plaintext pay, ciphertext is LNS. The entire ciphertext is LNSHDLEWMTRW. For the decryption of the hill cipher is done using the inverse of the matrix K. Cryptanalysis of Hill Cipher Ciphertext-only attack on hill cipher is difficult. Even brute force attack on a hill cipher is extremely difficult because the key is an m*m matrix. Each entry in the matrix can have one of the 26 values. At first glance, this means that the size of the key domain is. Secondly the hill ciphers do not preserve the statistics of the plaintext. Frequency analysis cannot be run on single letters, diagrams and trigrams. A frequency analysis of words of size m might work, but this is very rare that a plaintext has many strings of size m that are the same.

John D Rockefeller as a captain of Industry Essay

John D Rockefeller, founder of standard oil was a captain of industry, he was led to the path of efficiency through his mother and father when he was younger; this helped him grow into one of the biggest companies of the time. He soon started Standard Oil and became a billionaire. Despite the robber barren ways he got to the top, he got there and set a way for American corporations of the future. His father started him on the road to business, when John D Rockefeller was seven his father loaned him five dollars at high interest rates. However harsh this may seem this paved the way for John. He soon made the correct business choice to lead him to the top. He started doing small job around the neighborhood such as digging up potatoes and saved every cent. He soon learned the harsh ways of his father such as buying pound candy and selling it by the piece and by age, thirteen he was lending fifty dollars at compound interests. His mother led him on a path of efficiency, which would prove to be key to his career. His mother taught him the proverb that willful waste makes woeful want. Soon John was efficient on everything, how quickly he ate and hiring people to do the task, which he thought time consuming. One instant he saved 1.54 per oil barrel by just putting one less drop of sealant on each barrel. John D Rockefeller was a genius businessman. He had a natural knack for it. He reduced the competition by inventing new ideas such as quantity discount, where he would charge less if the customer bought more. This way he could make people buy his oil instead of competitors because it seemed cheaper, and he was making the customer buy more because it seemed like a good deal. Rockefeller also saved money by demanding lower transportation costs, which he could do because he was dominating the business and without him, there would be no business. Soon his competitors were paying five times as much in transportation costs. Rockefeller at one point just eliminated the competition. He purchased his competitors to ensure he would undercut his competitors’ prices. It helped kerosene drop from 58 cents to 26 from 1865 to 1870. Rockefeller also started the Standard Oil Trust. A trust is a business combination in which a single board of trustees controlled a group of member corporations. He came up with it to efficiently control the  companies he had acquired. However soon this practice was seen as illegal and unfair because he dominated the market and could subject the customers to any price he decided, yet it was still ingenious. Not only did John D Rockefeller come up with creative new ideas that helped him to become more efficient and eliminated his competitors, which made him the largest and richest company but he also adjusted to the times. When a Dartmouth professor found a way to refine the oil he quickly jumped on the market. Soon the internal combustion engine was invented and Rockefeller ordered the production of gasoline and machine oils immediately and they were ready for mass production by the time the first car was reveled in 1887 John D Rockefeller was a captain of industry and he deserves the title. He was an ingenious man who set up the way for big American cooperations of the future. Standard Oil was used all over the world from India to Africa. By 1878 alone, he had control ninety percent of he held ninety percent of the oil refining capacity in the United States alone. No man had ever been able to reach Rockefellers fortune at his peak. Clearly, John D Rockefeller is the ultimate captain of industry.

Characters and Plot in the Black Gold Essay

It is not so frequent to find a novel written with an animal as the main character and the story revolving primarily around him. Nevertheless, there are writers like Marguerite Henry who writes animal stories with so much fascination and passion, one of which is the Black Gold. It was based on true-to-life experiences set during the early 1990s in Oklahoma and Kentucky. Mixing her vast knowledge about the topic and her creative talent in writing, Marguerite Henry was able to weave a story with extraordinary characters confronted with extraordinary conflicts. Brief Summary The story evolved in the story of a colt named Black Gold, following his adventures being a race horse. He was regarded by many as weak and not good in racing since he possesses a smaller body compared to other horses. But through the help of his trainer Hanley Webb and rider Jaydee Mooney, the colt started to win and finally gained victory in the Kentucky Derby. His success continued to flourish until he got injured in one of the races he joined. His leg got a quarter crack. Eventually, the colt died. Black Gold was given a burial in the middle of a field in New Orleans. Analysis of the Characters Being an animal is not a reason to live a life less simple. It is very much evident in the story of Black Gold. His life is consisted of complex occurrences that can be considered as more intricate when compared to lives of other people. His birth was a product of a dream. Al Hoots, the owner of Black Gold’s mother named U-See-It, dreamt that if he will breed U-See-It to a leading sire, the mare shall give birth to the horse that will win in the Kentucky Derby. As a result, Hoots tried to mate U-See-It to a stallion named Black Toney. The money Hoots used came from the oil that during that time was being excavated from their land in Oklahoma. Here is where the name Black Gold originated. Among the individuals who imparted time and dedication to Black Gold was his rider Jaydee Mooney. Jaydee Mooney was the one who initially believed in the capacity and talent of Black Gold: â€Å" †¦us Mooneys always try. We do our best†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( p. 108). However, his spirit was pushed into limits when Black Gold got injured several days before the Derby: † †¦ It was the first loss for the team of Black Gold and Jaydee Mooney. Was it the soreness in his foot showing up again-the same trouble he’d had the week before the Derby? †¦ † (p. 143). Nevertheless, Jaydee Mooney proved to be not only as a rider but a friend as well to Black Gold, especially when the horse died. Analysis of the Plot Since the book was based from true stories and actual experiences, Marguerite Henry wrote it by narrating events in chronological order. Although written in this manner, the book is not boring and dragging to read. It is because the plot itself is a compelling one that catches and drawn immediately the attention of its readers. She used literary devices so as to show her creativity and mastery in handling and writing a topic such as that presented in the book. Henry was also successful in presenting transition of events. Every chapter in the book promises a more interesting and intense happenings from previous events and chapters. In addition, Henry was effective in inflicting transitional devices that guide the readers while reading. The use of illustrations in the book helped in the proper interpretation of events in the story since the readers will be carefully guided while going on through the story. However, the use of these illustrations somehow gives an impression that Black Gold is a children’s book. But all in all, the story’s plot, as well as the book in general, was a well- crafted depiction of an extraordinary tale. Reference Henry, M. ( 1957). Black Gold. Illinois: Rand McNally

Aunt Ellas Pie Company Case Study - 1255 Words

This paper will look at how Aunt Ella’s Pie Company can avoid violating any legal laws through Human Resource Manager’s creating policies resulting in best practice. The EEOC is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person s race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information (U.S. EEOC, 2014). Therefore, Human Resource Manager (HRM) has the task of ensuring the business complies with business legal laws and avoiding lawsuits. Introduction Ella-Jane Moore, owner and baker for Aunt Ella’s Pie Company established five (5) years ago. Ella,†¦show more content†¦HR should review and approve terminating employees to ensure that fair procedures performed. Unionized Employees Employee-employer relationship regarding employees who are members of a union will have union representation to warrant a cause versus a non-union employee when it comes to employment-at-will doctrine. The bakers, sales staff and warehouse workers would have the right to have union negotiate their employment. While the union members will have security when it comes to pay, hours, work compensation, employees are subject to termination due policy violation as the cause as justification. Since Aunt Ella’s Pie Company has employees working seven (7) days and fifty (50) hours a week, during busy times, the business faces possible allegation of unfair practices in wages. Employee must receive wages for each day worked and at time and a half above 40 hours per week. A lawsuit will cost the company a larger settlement due to violation of failing to issue overtime pay, then if the employees received proper wages. Harassment and Discrimination Companies should include freedom from discrimination from recruiting, to hiring and during employment on the application, in the policy handbook and as staff meetings. Consequently, diversity in the workplace allows businesses to meet the needs of the customers as diversity is not just the rightShow MoreRelatedAunt Ellas Pie Company Case Study1820 Words   |  8 PagesAunt Ella’s Pie Company Introduction This paper will look at how Aunt Ella’s Pie Company can avoid violating any legal laws through Human Resource Management creating policies resulting in best practice. The EEOC is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person s race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic

Die Lorelei by German Poet Heinrich Heine

Heinrich Heine was born in Dà ¼sseldorf, Germany. He was known as Harry  until he converted to Christianity when he was in his 20s. His father was a successful textile merchant and Heine followed in his fathers footsteps by studying business. He soon realized he did not have much aptitude for business and switched over to law. While at the university, he became known for his poetry. His first book was a collection of his travel memoirs called Reisebilder (Travel Pictures) in 1826. Heine was one of the most influential German poets in the 19th century, and German authorities tried to suppress him because of his radical political views. He was also known for his lyrical prose, which was set to music by classical greats, such as Schumann, Schubert, and Mendelssohn. The Lorelei One of Heines famous poems, Die Lorelei, is based on a German legend of an enchanting, seducing mermaid who lures seamen to their death. It has been set to music by numerous composers, such as Friedrich Silcher and Franz Liszt.   Here is Heines poem:   Ich weiss nicht, was soll es bedeuten,Dass ich so traurig bin;Ein Mà ¤rchen aus alten Zeiten,Das kommt mir nicht aus dem Sinn.Die Luft ist kà ¼hl, und es dunkelt,Und ruhig fliesst der Rhein;Der Gipfel des Berges funkeltIm Abendsonnenschein.Die schà ¶nste Jungfrau sitzetDort oben wunderbar,Ihr goldenes Geschmeide blitzet, Sie kà ¤mmt ihr goldenes Haar.Sie kà ¤mmt es mit goldenem KammeUnd singt ein Lied dabei;Das hat eine wundersame,Gewaltige Melodei.Den Schiffer im kleinen SchiffeErgreift es mit wildem Weh;Er schaut nicht die Felsenriffe,Er schat nur hinauf in die Hà ¶h.Ich glaube, die Welllen verschlingenAm Ende Schiffer und Kahn;Und das hat mit ihrem SingenDie Lorelei getan. English translation (not always translated literally): I dont know what it meansThat I am so sadA legend of  bygone daysThat I cannot keep out of my mind. The air is cool and night is coming.The calm Rhine courses its way.The peak of the mountain dazzlesWith evenings final ray.The fairest of maidens is sittingUp there, a beautiful delight,Her golden jewels are shining,Shes combing her golden hair.She holds a golden comb,Singing along, as wellAn enthrallingAnd spellbinding melody.In his little boat, the boatmanIs seized by it with a savage woe.He does not look upon the rocky ledgeBut rather high up into the heavens.I think that the waves will devourThe boatman and boat in the endAnd this by her songs sheer powerFair Loreley has done. Heines Later Writings In Heines later writings, readers will note an increased measure of irony, sarcasm, and wit. He often ridiculed sappy romanticism and over exuberant portrayals of nature. Though Heine loved his German roots, he often critiqued Germanys contrasting sense of nationalism.  Eventually, Heine left Germany, tired of its harsh censorship, and lived in France for the last 25 years of his life. A decade before he died, Heine became ill and never recovered. Though he was bedridden for the next 10 years, he still produced a fair amount of work, including work in Romanzero und Gedichte and Lutezia, a collection of political articles. Heine did not have any children. When he died in 1856, he left behind his much younger French wife. The cause of his death is believed to be from chronic lead poisoning.

Rhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedys Call To Action

The 1960’s was a period of America enriched of political and social tension that included issues regarding the Cold War, the Civil Rights Movement the Vietnam War, race, gender, the Vietnam war, and sexual orientation. During this era, the Baby Boomer generation sought out to challenge the status quo of the current government policy by protesting against these issues. From hippies to teddy boys, they opposed the existing conditions in the United States that have emerged as contentious reasons to warrant public outcry. Amidst this conflict, when John F. Kennedy (who ran against Republican Richard Nixon) was inaugurated as the 35th president of the United States on January 20th, 1961 he delivered his â€Å"call to action† speech. With carefully†¦show more content†¦By using these patriotic words, this caused Kennedy to evoke pathos throughout his speech. His primary goal was to influence the American people’s feelings by inspiring his citizens to be proud of living in the United States, even if there were numerous conflicts in the present day. Furthermore, John F. Kennedy requested unification of conflicting sides in America in his speech. At the time, the country was heavily divided on social and political issues, such as race, the Vietnam War, and sexual orientation. Kennedy attempted to reach every citizen by emphasizing that it’s imperative everyone must stay united in these trouble times. Kennedy proclaimed, â€Å"Divided there is little we can do--for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder,†. By using his authority, Kennedy indirectly used ethos by commanding the country to stay united. Since there cannot be any significant steps made if the whole nation is separated, Kennedy stressed that everyone must stay unified. The use of diction in this passage accentuated that this is a significant order. Regarding division, Kennedy asserted, â€Å"we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds a nd split asunder†. Kennedy’s use of â€Å"dare† represents the significance of staying together, because a country divided is consequential to every side of the argument. His archaic languageShow MoreRelatedEssay about John F. Kennedy Analysis704 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Leah Moore JFK Inaugural Address Analysis President John F. Kennedy gave his inaugural address on a January afternoon in 1961. His speech includes many rhetorical devices—included to help convey Kennedy’s subject to his audience. The subject is that human rights are determined by God, rather than the government. Some rhetorical devices Kennedy uses are parallelism, anaphora, and hortative sentences. John F. Kennedy’s use of rhetorical devices within his inaugural address help him convey his messageRead MoreThe Inaugural Address Of John F. Kennedy1441 Words   |  6 PagesAddress of John F. Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successful was very important for the countries future. In John F. Kennedy’sRead MoreThe Inaugural Address Of John F. Kennedy1654 Words   |  7 PagesAddress of John F. Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successful was very important for the countries future. In John F. Kennedy’sRead MoreAnalysis of John F Kennedys Presidency870 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, has become one of the most famous presidents in the nations history due to his oratory skills and eloquence (Biane,2011). In this paper, we present an analysis the inaugural speech that he delivered in January 1961. Even though his Inaugural speech lasted less than fifteen minutes, the message that he saliently delivered was one that has continued to resonate in the very hearts of American citizens. The analysis An analysis of JohnRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Inaugural Address Essay1566 Words   |  7 Pages NOT PRIDE BUT FREEDOM: Rhetorical Analysis of John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address Tanner A. Woody Anderson University On January 20, 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy delivered a speech with a backdrop of snow and a twenty-degree wind blowing in his face in Washington D.C. In his speech, he starts off with saying that his victory is not for a party but it is for freedom. At the climax of his speech, JFK delivers a call to action which is also the most well-known line from his speech:Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedy s Speech1405 Words   |  6 PagesMadinger Composition 1 26 October 2015 We Choose to go to the Moon Rhetorical Analysis There are many things that a speech must contain to make it a well written and spoken speech. John F. Kennedy s speech he gave on September 12th 1962, titled â€Å"Address at Rice University on the Nation s Space Efforts†, better known as â€Å"We Choose to go to the Moon† contains many of the important factors of a successful speech. 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What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS

Management Best Way to Manage

Question: Write about theManagementfor Best Way to Manage. Answer: The area of management is a very vast area. In recent times, organizations have realized the importance of management and leadership. With the forces of globalization, Internet and e-commerce, organizations have expanded in different parts of the world. The differences in the cultures has further shifted the focus on effective management. Therefore, it is important that the organizations should be in strong hands. the senior people or the leaders should be able to manage the team and employees in an effective and efficient manner as employees productivity could be directly linked with the leadership or management. There are various ways to manage a team. The manager or the leader can use autocratic style or democratic style (Carriger, 2016). The leaders can also use servant leadership or situational leadership. There is true difference between leading and managing and being able to see how this could negatively affect the individuals in the team can determine the success of organizat ions. The initial research suggests that the best way to manage the team depends on number of factors. The best way to manage depends on the expectations of employees, perception of investors, the financial condition of the organization, market and industry conditions, etc. Today, the focus of managers is on decision making as often, tough decisions have to be made (Costanza Groot, 2014). There has to be tough decisions made in order to ensure safety for all employees including managers. Everyone should be on board and make choices that are for the best and offers a better solution to the problems at hand.When a change has to come quick, sometime management fails at its attempt to implement the change correctly. The ways to manage can entirely depend on the personality of leaders. That is a difficult question for me, I want to be a leader I believe I can be a very successful leader. I unfortunately tend to manage more often than not. I need to learn to trust my team to make the decisions and to manage themselves. Being both overwhelms me and I feel like I forget to cover everything when I try to do everything. I am learning as I go through the courses how to be successful at both and to choose one or the other and to stick with my choice.Simply stated, it can be said that the best way to manage is one where employees could see themselves engaged. The best way to manage can entirely change among different corporations. The large organizations like Wal-Mart may not be in a position to give complete freedom to employees. However, a small organization or a start-up can do that. Likewise, the organizations like Apple, that gives complete focus on employees innovation may want to manage employees differently than Wal-Mart that gives complete focus on processes and procedures (Carpenter Berry, 2014). In fact, within an organization itself, the best way to manage can differ. There could be some leader that wants to manage its team in a more open way and at the same time, there could be some leader who prefer close system over open systems. Therefore, it can be said that there are number of internal and external factors that could decide the best course of management. an intelligent manager is one who is always flexible and open to change. A smart manager is one who can change his or her management style based on the team, organization, industry and expectations of different stakeholders. There are various ways to manage and there can be few ways to manage best. The leaders need to understand the best way to manage; however, the best way can differ. For example, in a difficult situation, some leaders would feel that situational leadership is best; while some other can feel that charismatic leadership is best. I personally believe that the best way to manage includes collaboration and integration with the people. The mechanism of feedback is also an integral part of best management skills (Antonakis House, 2013). The most valuable co-workers I have are those who will give me honest feedback. That may mean waiting till they can pull me aside--no one wants to be called out in front of a crowd! I also find that as relationships develop you get a sense from friends when you are stepping out of the box and can pull back your foot before it is too late. I have had the experience of feeling someone's unease with where I was going without them even saying anything. I was able to modify my behavior and in retrospect they were right and I was headed in the wrong direction. When I find people like that I latch on to them and try to build the relationship to benefit us both. Van der Voet (2014) argued that directive style of decision making could be the best management style. If the rules and the procedures are followed, then then time and money can be saved. but the biggest issue in this style of decision making is that rarely does the leader have all the pertinent information to make an effective decision. Other negative point is that the managers rely on their own information, knowledge, experience and judgment. One thing that comes to my mind about management is that leaders should not focus on micromanagement. Hokka Vahasantanen (2014) argued that that micromanagement is a sign of poor leadership. At times expectation setting, may seem like micromanagement but they are separate. Set out the expectations in as much detail as you like but a manager cannot control every detail of what people do. Managers have to set goals around measurable data, measure the data, and hold people accountable for how they measure up. This is often quite difficult to do. In contemporary business environment, the biggest measure of good manager is how the manager interacts with the employees. There are other important things like knowledge, time management, etc., but that bedside interaction is key. It is also very difficult to measure and very difficult to micromanage. There are managersand leaders that don'tunderstand or care about employees or followers needs, and choose not to understand them. Ethical decision makingand not abusingones power can create a positive climate and culture. For me personally, it is very difficult to understand how someone can be so inconsiderate and unprofessional to mess with another person lively hood without letting them know. Sometimes people allow personal opinions, or personal issues make their decisions for them.Working with leaders and managers that use these tactics can not only be challenging but unhealthy. As leaders and managers, we encounter different problems with different group of people. I think it is easy to use the authoritative style or directive style when the there is only one person who decides or if the decision maker has the power to make the decision. When there are facts, and rules and procedures to follow then managers can adopt descriptive style. In emergency situations, it is wiser to use authoritative style. Bolino Klotz (2013) argued that the best management style is one that includes various stakeholders while making any decision. A good or a best manager is one who looks after the interest and expectations of all the stakeholders. As a manager, I try very hard to take into account all perspectives, stakeholders, clients, mission and vision of the department and encourage and allow individuals to participate in the decision making in the office. We have over the past two years, had several meetings focused solely on gaining individuals feedback, creating a collab orative, innovative and experimental atmosphere and encouraging others to speak up and make the changes they believe would support the overall mission but allow for a happier work environment (Mohelska Sokolova, 2015). A combination of analytical and conceptual personal decision-making styles applies in this situation. In the analytical style, managers consider complex solutions based on as much data as they can gather. In a nut shell, it can be said that the style of management should be left open to managers (Newman Miao, 2016). There can certainly be more than one may to manage best. However, it is the dynamics between the managers and employees that should determine the best way of management. The leaders and managers can also learn from the style of other leaders. However, they should also give considerations to various internal factors when it comes to best suited style. References Antonakis, J. and House, R.J., 2013. The full-range leadership theory: The way forward. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 3-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Bolino, M.C., Klotz, A.C., Turnley, W.H. and Harvey, J., 2013. Exploring the dark side of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(4), pp.542-559. Carriger, M.S., 2016. What is the best way to develop new managers? Problem-based learning vs. lecture-based instruction.The International Journal of Management Education,14(2), pp.92-101. Carpenter, N.C., Berry, C.M. and Houston, L., 2014. A meta?analytic comparison of self?reported and other?reported organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(4), pp.547-574. Costanza, R., de Groot, R., Sutton, P., van der Ploeg, S., Anderson, S.J., Kubiszewski, I., Farber, S. and Turner, R.K., 2014. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services.Global Environmental Change,26, pp.152-158. Hokka, P. and Vahasantanen, K., 2014. Agency-centred couplinga better way to manage an educational organization?.International Journal of Leadership in Education,17(2), pp.131-153. Mohelska, H. and Sokolova, M., 2015. Organisational culture and leadershipjoint vessels?.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,171, pp.1011-1016. Newman, A., Miao, Q., Hofman, P.S. and Zhu, C.J., 2016. The impact of socially responsible human resource management on employees' organizational citizenship behaviour: the mediating role of organizational identification. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(4), pp.440-455. Van der Voet, J., 2014. The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure.European Management Journal,32(3), pp.373-382.